Computers as Theatre

Foreword xi Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxiii Chapter 1: The Nature of the Beast 1 The Interface 2 Throw the Baggage Out 16 Theatre: More than an Interface Metaphor 28 Chapter 2: Dramatic Foundations-Part I: Elements of Qualitative Structure 41 Hoary Poetics 41 The Four Causes, or Why Things Are the Way They Are 49 The Six Elements and Causal Relations among Them 57 Chapter 3: Dramatic Foundations-Part II: Orchestrating Action 79 Whole Actions 79 Dramatic Potential: The "Flying Wedge" 82 Dramatic Anatomy 95 Chapter 4: Dramatic Interactors: Collaboration, Constraints, and Engagement 109 Human-Computer Interaction as Mediated Collaboration 110 Constraints 128 Engagement: The First-Person Imperative 139 Chapter 5: Design Heuristics 149 Computer as Medium 149 Interface Metaphors: Powers and Limitations 151 The Primacy of Action 156 Designing Character and Thought 163 Understanding Audiences 170 Chapter 6: New Terrain in Interaction Design 177 Methods and Media 177 Extending the Geometry of Dramatic Interaction 199 Design for Emergence 207 Design for the Good 215 References 221 Index 231

Brenda Laurel has worked in interactive media since 1976 as a designer, researcher, writer and teacher. She currently serves as an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science and Affiliated Faculty for Games and Playable Media at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Dr. Laurel previously served as Professor and Founding Chair of the graduate program in design at California College of Arts and the Media Design Program at Art Center College of Design. She previously was a distinguished engineer at Sun Microsystems Labs (2005-2006). Based on her research in gender and technology at Interval Research, she co-founded Purple Moon in 1996 to create interactive media for girls. In 1990 she co-founded Telepresence Research, focusing on virtual reality and remote presence. Other employers have included Atari, Activision, and Apple. Her books include The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design (1990), Computers as Theatre, Second Edition (forthcoming 2013), Utopian Entrepreneur (2001), and Design Research: Methods and Perspectives (2004). She earned her BA from Depauw University and her MFA and PhD in theatre from The Ohio State University.

"The future of our interactions with technology will build upon the foundations provided by Brenda Laurel in this deep, thought-provoking, and critically important book." -Don Norman, Nielsen Norman Group; author of Design of Everyday Things, Revised and Expanded Edition "An extremely timely update of a secret classic. Brenda Laurel will teach you a powerful and extremely refreshing way to look anew at things digital and the creation thereof. If you read the original, hit it again; it makes even better sense in the twenty-first century!" -William Gibson, author of Distrust That Particular Flavor and Zero History "Brenda Laurel's Computers as Theatre was one of the few truly transformative books to emerge in the heady, early days of the 'digital revolution,' demanding that we think of the computer as posing a series of creative problems that might best be addressed through the lens of the dramatic arts rather than purely technical problems that remain in the domain of the computer scientists. In this new edition, she revisits that classic text in light of her rich and diverse experiences as a designer, educator, and entrepreneur." -Henry Jenkins, author of Spreadable Media: Creating Meaning and Value in a Networked Culture "Read this-it's both scholarly and fun and runs your own internal models of human-computer interaction through a series of gymnastics that will loosen and broaden your thinking about UI issues forever." -Howard Rheingold, author of The Virtual Community, Smart Mobs, and Net Smart "This new edition is livelier and cooler than ever. It is absolutely required reading for anyone interested in computers and their influence on culture. Thank you, Dr. Laurel, for a wild ride!" -Mary Flanagan, inventor, designer, and author of Critical Play "The revision of this perennial classic is long overdue, and Laurel's thoughtful revisiting of her influential ideas from more than two decades ago does not disappoint. Her book bridges the intellectual heritage of our