Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics

CHAPTER 1 Measured Thermodynamic Properties and Other Basic Concepts 1

Learning Objectives 1

1.1 Thermodynamics 2

1.2 Preliminary Concepts-The Language of Thermo 3

1.3 Measured Thermodynamic Properties 7

1.4 Equilibrium 15

1.6 The PvT Surface and Its Projections for Pure Substances 20

1.7 Thermodynamic Property Tables 26

1.8 Summary 30

1.9 Problems 31

Conceptual Problems 31

Numerical Problems 34

CHAPTER 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 36

Learning Objectives 36

2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 37

2.2 Construction of Hypothetical Paths 46

2.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 48

2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 55

2.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems 60

2.6 Thermochemical Data For U and H 67

2.7 Reversible Processes in Closed Systems 92

2.8 Open-System Energy Balances on Process Equipment 95

2.9 Thermodynamic Cycles and the Carnot Cycle 102

2.10 Summary 108

2.11 Problems 110

Conceptual Problems 110

Numerical Problems 113

CHAPTER 3 Entropy and the Second Law Of Thermodynamics 127

Learning Objectives 127

3.1 Directionality of Processes/Spontaneity 128

3.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes (Revisited) and their Relationship to Directionality 129

3.3 Entropy, the Thermodynamic Property 131

3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 140

3.5 Other Common Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 142

3.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Closed and Open Systems 143

3.7 Calculation of D s for an Ideal Gas 151

3.8 The Mechanical Energy Balance and the Bernoulli Equation 160

3.9 Vapor-Compression Power and Refrigeration Cycles 164

3.10 Exergy (Availability) Analysis 172

3.11 Molecular View of Entropy 182

3.12 Summary 190

3.13 Problems 191

Conceptual Problems 191

Numerical Problems 195

CHAPTER 4 Equations of State and Intermolecular Forces 209

Learning Objectives 209

4.1 Introduction