Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14

Preface.
Glossary.

Author Biographies.

1 Introduction.

1.1 Physical Properties of Tritium and Carbon-14.

1.2 Purification.

1.3 Analysis.

1.4 Stability and Storage of Compounds Labeled with Tritium or Carbon-14.

1.5 Specialist Techniques and Equipment.

References .

2 Strategies for Target Preparation.

2.1 Formulating Target Specifications.

2.2 Planning Radiotracer Preparations.

References.

3 Preparation of Tritium-Labeled Compounds by Isotope Exchange Reactions.

3.1 Homogeneous Acid- or Base-Catalyzed Exchange.

3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis with Tritium in Solvent.

3.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Solution with Tritium Gas.

3.4 Homogeneous Catalysis in Solution with Tritiated Water.

3.5 Homogeneous Catalysis with Tritium Gas.

3.6 Solvent-Free Catalytic Exchange.

References.

4 Preparation of Tritium-Labeled Compounds by Chemical Synthesis.

4.1 Catalytic Tritiations.

4.2 Catalytic Tritiolyses.

4.3 Tritide Reductions.

4.4 Small Tritiated Building Blocks.

References.

5 Barium [ 14 C]Carbonate and the Preparation of Carbon-14-Labeled Compounds via One-Carbon Building Blocks of the [ 14 C]Carbon Dioxide Tree.

5.1 [ 14 C]Carbon Dioxide ( 14 CO 2 ).

5.2 [ 14 C]Carbon Monoxide ( 14 CO).

5.3 [ 14 C]Formic Acid (H 14 COOH).

5.4 [ 14 C]Formaldehyde (H 14 CHO).

5.5 [ 14 C]Methyl Iodide ( 14 CH 3 I).

5.6 [ 14 C]Nitromethane ( 14 CH 3 NO 2 ).

References.

6 Preparation of Carbon-14-Labeled Compounds via Multi-Carbon Building Blocks of the [ 14 C]Carbon Dioxide Tree.

6.1 [ 14 C]Acetic Acid and Its Derivatives.

6.2 Halo[ 14 C]acetates.

6.3 [ 14 C]Acetone.

6.4 Alkyl [ 14 C]Acetoacetate.

6.5 [ 14 C]Malonates.

References.

7 Preparation of Carbon-14-Labeled Compounds via the [ 14 C]Cyanide Tree.

7.1 Metal [ 14 C]Cyanides.

7.2 Preparation of Other Building Blocks from [ 14 C]Cyanide.

References.

8 Preparation of Carbon-14-Labeled Compounds via the [ 14 C 2

Rolf Voges studied chemistry at the Universities of Marburg and Freiburg, where he received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry on investigations into steric isotope effects, for which he received the Go¨deke Award. After postdoctoral research on stereoselective syntheses he joined the isotope group of Sandoz Pharma AG (now Novartis AG) being involved for thirty years in organic radiochemical synthesis as Head of the Isotope Laboratories and then Head of Isotope Section. He is author or coauthor of about 40 publications, one patent, and coeditor of two previous conference proceeding volumes in the field, co-organizer of two international symposia on the synthesis and application of isotopically labeled compounds, founder and co-organizer of eleven Bad Soden meetings of the Central European Division of the International Isotope Society (CED-IIS), and co-editor of the proceedings. For three years he held a leadership position in the IIS, serving as its 2001 president. In recognition of his scientific achievements and his service to the isotope society he received the IIS-CED Award in 1995 and in 2003 the IISAward. He is now retired and lives in southwestern Germany, near the Swiss and French borders.
 
Richard Heys received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Stanford University in 1976 and conducted postdoctoral research in the chemistry department at Yale; both involved the synthesis of radiolabeled compounds and their use in elucidation of biosynthetic pathways. His subsequent 29-year career in organic radiochemical synthesis both in the laboratory and as a manager took him to the Radiochemistry Department of Midwest Research Institute (now part of Aptuit, Inc.), Smith Kline & French Laboratories/SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (now GlaxoSmithKline) and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. Author or coauthor of over 85 publications, 8 patents and a previous conference proceedings volume in the field, organizer of an international symposium on the synthesis of