Air Pollution and Forests

1. Introduction.- A. Perspective.- B. Forest Ecosystems.- C. Forest Stress.- 2. Air Pollution.- A. Pollutant Materials.- B. Pollutant Deposition.- C. Air Pollution Interaction with Forests.- D. Book History.- Section I: Forest Function As Sources And Sinks For Air Contaminants-Class I Interactions.- 3. Role of Forests in Major Element Cycles: Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen.- 4. Forests as Sources of Hydrocarbons, Particulates, and Other Contaminants.- 5. Forests as Sinks for Air Contaminants: Soil Compartment.- 6. Forests as Sinks for Air Contaminants: Vegetative Compartment.- 7. Class I Summary: Relative Importance of Forest Source and Sink Strength and Some Potential Consequences of these Functions.- Section II: Forests Are Influenced By Air Contaminants In A Subtle Manner-Class II Interaction.- 8. Forest Tree Reproduction: Influence of Air Pollutants.- 9. Forest Nutrient Cycling: Toxic Ions.- 10. Forest Nutrient Cycling: Leaching and Weathering.- 11. Forest Nutrient Cycling: Rhizosphere and Symbiotic Mircroorganisms.- 12. Forest Tree Metabolism: Carbon Dynamics.- 13. Forest Biotic Agent Stress: Air Pollutants and Phytophagous Forest Insects.- 14. Forest Biotic Agent Stress: Air Pollutants and Disease Caused by Microbial Pathogens.- 15. Forest Abiotic Agent Stress: Symptomatic Foliar Damage Directly Caused by Air Contaminants.- 16. Class II Summary: Forest Responds by Exhibiting Alterations in Growth, Biomass, Species Composition, Disease, and Insect Outbreaks.- Section III: Forest Ecosystems Are Influenced By Air Contaminants In A Dramatic Manner-Class III Interactions.- 17. Forest Ecosystem Destruction: A Localized Response to Excessive Air Pollution.- 18. Forest Dieback/Decline: A Regional Response to Excessive Air Pollution Exposure.- Section IV: GlobalAtmospheric Stress And Forest Risk Assessment.- 19. Alterations in Global Radiation Fluxes: Implications for Forest Health.- 20 . Forest Quality and Air Quality: Forest Health Risk and Future Needs.