Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry.Vol.1

PART I: Origins of Amino Acids EXTRATERRESTRIAL AMINO ACIDS Introduction ISM Comets Meteorites Micrometeorites and IDPs Mars Delivery of Extraterrestrial Amino Acid to the Earth and its Importance to the Origin of Life "TERRESTRIAL" AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR EVOLUTION Introduction What are the 20 "Terrestrial" Amino Acids? What do We Know about the Evolution of the Standard Amino Acid Alphabet? Amino Acids that Life Passed Over: A Role for Natural Selection? Why Does Life Genetically Encode L-Amino Acids? Summary, Synthesis, and Conclusions PART II: Production/Synthesis of Amino Acids USE OF ENZYMES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS Introduction Chemo-Enzymatic Processes to Enantiomerically Pure Amino Acids Acylase Process Amidase Process Hydantoinase Process Ammonia Lyase Processes Aminotransferase Process AADH Process BETA-AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS Introduction Biosynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids Conclusions and Future Prospects METHODS FOR THE CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NONCODED ALPHA-AMINO ACIDS FOUND IN NATURAL PRODUCT PEPTIDES Introduction Noncoded CAAs Noncoded Amino Acids by Chemical Modification of Coded Amino Acids Noncoded Amino Acids with Elaborate Side-Chains SYNTHESIS OF N-ALKYL AMINO ACIDS Introduction N-Methylation via Alkylation N-Methylation via Schiff?s Base Reduction N-Methylation by Novel Methods N-Alkylation of Amino Acids RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF BETA-AMINO ACIDS Introduction Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Homologation of Alpha-Amino Acids Chiral Pool: Enantioselective Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids from Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, and Derivatives Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Conjugate Addition of Nitrogen Nucleophiles to Enones Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Nucleophilic Additions Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Diverse Addition or Substitution Reactions Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Prochiral 3-Aminoacrylates and Derivatives Synthesis of

Andrew Hughes is a Reader and Head of the Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. He obtained his degrees from the University of Western Australia. Post-doctoral appointments at the University of Cambridge starting 1989 included 3 years working with Professor Andrew Holmes before joining Professor Steven LeyŽs group in 1993. While at Cambridge he was appointed the Shell Research Fellow at Robinson College.

"The presentation of selected typical experimental procedures is very welcome ... .Provides concise information from the point of view of experts working in the fields, and critically selecting the important recent literature." (ChemBioChem, March 2010)

"The presentation of selected typical experimental procedures is very welcome ... .Provides concise information from the point of view of experts working in the fields, and critically selecting the important recent literature." ( ChemBioChem , March 2010)