Bio- and Multifunctional Polymer Architectures

Preface xi
 
Acknowledgments xiii
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 What makes Polymers so Interesting? 1
 
1.2 Macromolecular Engineering and Nanostructure Formation 4
 
1.3 Specific Needs in Bionanotechnology and Biomedicine 5
 
Reference 6
 
2 Terminology 7
 
2.1 Polymer Architectures 7
 
2.2 Multifunctionality 11
 
2.3 Bioconjugates 12
 
2.4 Biocompatibility 12
 
2.5 Biodegradation 14
 
2.6 Bioactivity 14
 
2.7 Multivalency 15
 
2.8 Bionanotechnology 17
 
References 18
 
3 Preparation Methods and Tools 19
 
3.1 General Aspects of Polymer Synthesis 19
 
3.1.1 Chain Growth Polymerizations 20
 
3.1.2 Step Growth Polymerizations 23
 
3.1.3 Modification of Polymers 25
 
3.2 Controlled Polymer Synthesis 25
 
3.2.1 Anionic Polymerization 26
 
3.2.2 Cationic Polymerization 30
 
3.2.3 Controlled Radical Polymerization 34
 
3.2.4 Metal-Catalyzed Polymerization 37
 
3.2.5 Chain Growth Condensation Polymerization 41
 
3.3 Effective Polymer Analogous Reactions 43
 
3.4 Pegylation 47
 
3.5 Bioconjugation 51
 
3.5.1 Polynucleotide Conjugates 53
 
3.5.2 Protein Conjugates 55
 
3.5.3 Polysaccharide Conjugates 57
 
3.6 Enzymatic Polymer Synthesis 59
 
3.7 Solid Phase Synthesis and Biotechnological Approaches 63
 
3.7.1 Solid Phase Synthesis 63
 
3.7.2 Biotechnology Approaches in the Synthesis of Biopolymers 75
 
3.8 Hydrogels and Hydrogel Scaffolds 81
 
3.8.1 Hydrogels 81
 
3.8.2 Hydrogels as Scaffold Materials 84
 
3.9 Surface Modification and Film Preparation 92
 
3.9.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers 93
 
3.9.2 Langmuir-Blodgett Films 95
 
3.9.3 Layer-by-Layer Deposition 96
 
3.9.4 Immobilization by Chemical Binding to Substrates 97
 
3.9.5 Low-Pressure Plasma