Contrast Echocardiography

1. An introduction to contrast echocardiography.- A. Physical principles and theoretic considerations.- 2. The source of echocardiographic contrast.- 3. Contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound.- 4. Why capillary beds remove ultrasonic contrast.- 5. Ultrasonic studies during experimental decompression.- B. Clinical applications.- 6. Methodology in contrast echocardiography.- 7. Structure identification by contrast echocardiography.- 8. Spontaneous left ventricular microbubbles in patients with metallic mitral prosthetic valves.- 9. Contrast echocardiography of the left ventricle.- 10. Pulmonary wedge injections for the evaluation of left-to-right shunts.- 11. Factors affecting the success of attaining left heart echo contrast after pulmonary wedge injections.- 12. Echo contrast for the detection of atrial septal defects.- 13. Negative contrast echocardiography for the diagnosis of atrial septal defects.- 14. Contrast echocardiography in patent foramen ovale.- 15. Echo contrast studies in the early postoperative period after atrial septal defect closure.- 16. Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography in the study of ventricular septal defects.- 17. Contrast echocardiography for evaluation of right ventricular hemodynamics in the presence of ventricular septal defects.- 18. Contrast echocardiography in valvular regurgitation.- 19. Contrast echocardiography in persistent fetal circulation.- 20. Applications of contrast echocardiography for analysis of complex congenital heart disease in the newborn.- 21. Contrast echocardiography in the assessment of cyantic and complex congenital heart disease: peripheral venous, invasive, and unique applications.- 22. Contrast M-mode echocardiography, the suprasternal notch approach.- C. Future prospects.- 23. Determination of cardiac output by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography.- 24. Videodensitometric quantitation of left-to-right shunts with contrast echocardiography.- 25. Transmission of echocardiographic contrast through