Design Issues in CSCW
(Sprache: Englisch)
One of the most significant developments in computing over the last ten years has been the growth of interest in computer based support for people working together. Recognition that much work done in offices is essentially group work has led to the...
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One of the most significant developments in computing over the last ten years has been the growth of interest in computer based support for people working together. Recognition that much work done in offices is essentially group work has led to the emergence of a distinct subfield of computer science under the title Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). Since the term was first coined in 1984, there has been growing awareness of the relevance to the field of, and the valuable con tributions to be made by, non-computing disciplines such as sociology, management science, social psychology and anthro pology. This volume addresses design issues in CSCW, an- since this topic crucially involves human as well as technical considerations - brings together researchers from such a broad range of disciplines. Most of the chapters in this volume were originally presented as papers at the one-day seminar, "Design Issues in CSCW", held at the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), London, on 17 March 1992, one in aseries of DTI-supported CSCW SIG seminars. We would like to express our gratitude to the series editors, Colston Sanger and Dan Diaper, for their useful comments on, and suggestions for revisions to, the final draft of the manuscript; to Linda Schofield, our editor at Springer, for her continued encouragement throughout the preparation of the manuscript; and, finally, to our respective families for their support and patience over so many months.
Design Issues in CSCW is the first book to systematically examine the implications of focusing computer system design on the end-user perspective. The authors explore the fundamental issue of which design perspectives are the most suitable for CSCW, and also address the central questions of "how and why is design in the context of CSCW different from the established theories and practices?" Each chapter represents an example of the interdisciplinary approach towards CSCW design, in its theoretical orientation and in its practice. As a whole, the volume covers the theoretical underpinnings for CSCW design, aspects of CSCW methodology, and associated development of analytical frameworks. The authors represent a growing community of scientists and practitioners whose work exhibits the belief that social science and computer science can, and must, be fruitfully integrated.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Design Issues in CSCW “
1 Introduction2 Computer Supported Cooperative Work: A Framework
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cooperative Work
2.2.1 Cooperation
2.2.2 Work
2.2.3 Communication through the Artefact
2.2.4 Understanding: Soft and Hard Artefacts
2.2.5 Deixis
2.3 Computer Support: Communication
2.3.1 Computer Mediated Communication
2.3.2 Anti-CMC
2.4 Computerized Artefacts of Work
2.5 Non-Computerized Artefacts
2.5.1 Prosthesis
2.5.2 Implications for Design
2.5.3 Success Story: Bar Codes
2.6 Summary
3 Capturing Interactions: Requirements for CSCW
3.1 Design Issues for CSCW
3.1.1 The Life-Cycle Framework
3.2 Ethnographic Study of Office Work
3.3 Case Study of a Technical Publications Unit
3.3.1 Organizational Description
3.3.2 Authors' Views on their Work
3.3.3 Life History of a Job
3.3.4 Job Conditions
3.3.5 Interaction Episodes
3.4 The Analysis
3.4.1 Strategy
3.4.2 Classification of Activities
3.5 Conclusions
3.5.1 What the Authors Want
3.5.2 What the Analysis Found
3.5.3 In Conclusion
4 Situation Theory and the Design of Interactive Information Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Information
4.3 On Mathematics, Metaphor and Design
4.4 Situation Theory: A Review
4.5 Normative Constraints and Cognition
4.6 Information, Situations and Design
4.7 Multimedia and Multi-User
4.8 The Role of Situation Theory
4.9 Conclusion
5 Patterns of Language in Organizations: Implications for CSCW
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Aims
5.1.2 The Sopwith Case Study
5.2 Four Models of Linguistic Support for Collaborative Work
5.2.1 Language and Information
5.2.2 Sociometric Analysis
5.2.3 Style Checkers: Form versus Content
5.2.4 Language and Reality: An Overview of Systemic Functional Linguistics
5.2.5 Language, Information and Organizations
5.3 Conclusions
- Appendix A
- A.1 The Message from Leyland
- A. 2 How the Sunday Times Rewrote It
- Appendix B
- B.1 Alcatraz on the Third Floor or Communications and Information Free of Time and Space (CIFTS!)
6
... mehr
Coordination Issues in Tools for CSCW
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Early Experiences with CSCW
6.3 Cognitive Issues in CSCW
6.4 Conversation Analysis
6.4.1 Turn Management in Conversations
6.4.2 An Example of Conversation Analysis
6.5 Coordination in CSCW
6.6 Studies of Turn Management in CSCW
6.7 Discussion
6.8 Concluding Remarks
- Appendix A
- A.1 Annotated Bibliography
7 Software Engineering Design: A Paradigm Case of Computer Supported Cooperative Working
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What is Design Theory?
7.1.2 Is Design a Natural Phenomenon?
7.1.3 A View of Design from Cognitive Science
7.2 Use of Abstract Representations
7.2.1 Implications for Design Methods and Tool Support
7.2.2 Philosophical Issues: Are they relevant?
7.2.3 The Role of Concepts in Structuring Knowledge
7.3 The Design Frameworks Approach
7.4 An Approach to Design-for-Reuse
7.4.1 Considerations Regarding the Use of Frameworks in Design
7.5 Conclusions
8 Where Are Designers? Styles of Design Practice, Objects of Design and Views of Users in CSCW
8.1 Design as Technique, as Social Function and as Politics
8.2 Three Interpretations of the Significance of "Users"
8.3 Users as Clients: The "Specify and Deliver" Style
8.4 Users as Codesigners: The "Reflect and Reinterpret" Style
8.5 Users as Actor-Constructors: The "Enable and Empower" Style
8.6 Where are Designers? The Geo-Economic "Location" Problem
8.7 Taking Design with Us
9 Coping with Complexity and Interference: Design Issues in Multimedia Conferencing Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The CAR Multimedia Conferencing System
9.3 Design Principles
9.3.1 WYSIWIS
9.3.2 Seamlessness
9.4 Design and Usability Issues
9.4.1 Screen Clutter
9.4.2 Unexpected Events
9.4.3 Notification of Events
9.4.4 Floor Control
9.4.5 Pointers
9.5 Discussion: Design Principles for Multimedia Conferencing
9.6 Conclusions
10 The Role of Replication in the Development of Remote CSCW Systems
10.1 Designing for the Future
10.1.1 The System Designer as Creative Problem Solver
10.1.2 The Difficulty of Exchanging Creation for Facilitation
10.1.3 Single-User Product Innovation
10.2 Designing for the Present: Replication
10.3 An Experiment in Replication
10.3.1 The ROCOCO Station
10.3.2 User Interface
10.4 Evaluating the System
10.4.1 The LookingGlass
10.4.2 An Investigation of the LookingGlass in Use
10.5 Conclusion
11 Computer Supported Conflict Management in Design Teams
11.1 The Challenge: Supporting Collaboration in Design Groups
11.2 Contributions and Limitations of Existing Work
11.3 The Design Collaboration Support System
11.3.1 Describing Design Actions and Rationale
11.3.2 Detecting Conflicts
11.3.3 Resolving Conflicts
11.4 Evaluation and Future Work
12 ShareLib: A Toolkit for CSCW Applications Programming Using X Windows
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Existing Applications
12.3 Other Similar Work
12.4 What Programming Support Should Provide
12.4.1 Features of CSCW
12.4.2 Tailorability
12.5 Design of ShareLib: Architecture
12.5.1 A New Level of Abstraction
12.5.2 Features and Tailorability Provided by the CSCW Layer
12.6 Design of ShareLib: Implementation
12.6.1 The X Window System
12.6.2 ShareLib as a Layer above X Windows
12.7 Example Implementation: The Telepointer
12.7.1 Writing Xlib Applications
12.7.2 The Telepointer Type
12.7.3 Initializing the Telepointer
12.7.4 Processing Telepointer Events
12.7.5 Floor Control
12.7.6 Drawing the Telepointer Pixmap
12.8 Summary and Further Work
13 Adapting a Design History Editor for Concurrent Engineering
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Motivation
13.1.2 Starting Point
13.1.3 Outline of the DHE Work
13.2 Design History Editor
13.2.1 Inherent Difficulties with Current Approaches
13.2.2 Conventional Logbooks and Hypertext
13.2.3 The Impact of Prescription
13.3 User Requirements of the Design History Editor
13.3.1 Page Emulation
13.3.2 Representation of Finer Structure
13.3.3 The Lemma
13.4 Technology
13.4.1 The SMART Frame Server
13.4.2 The Blackboard Architecture
13.4.3 Managing Knowledge Assets
13.4.4 Khoros
13.5 Technology Transfer
13.6 Concluding Remarks
14 "Nouvelle Design": A Pragmatic Approach to CSCW Systems Building
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Background
14.3 Conversation Analysis
14.4 User Centred Design
14.5 Requirements Capture ? Structured Observation
14.5.1 Basic System Functionality
14.5.2 Prototyping
14.5.3 Evaluation
14.5.4 Subject Selection
14.5.6 Types of Data
14.6 System Specification ? Analyse Observations
14.6.1 Aims of Analysis Phase
14.6.2 Data Analysis
14.7 Build and Release ? Review, Interpret, Modify
14.7.1 Aims of this Phase
14.8 Application of the Design Process
14.8.1 Programme
14.8.2 Evaluation
14.9 Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Name Index
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Early Experiences with CSCW
6.3 Cognitive Issues in CSCW
6.4 Conversation Analysis
6.4.1 Turn Management in Conversations
6.4.2 An Example of Conversation Analysis
6.5 Coordination in CSCW
6.6 Studies of Turn Management in CSCW
6.7 Discussion
6.8 Concluding Remarks
- Appendix A
- A.1 Annotated Bibliography
7 Software Engineering Design: A Paradigm Case of Computer Supported Cooperative Working
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What is Design Theory?
7.1.2 Is Design a Natural Phenomenon?
7.1.3 A View of Design from Cognitive Science
7.2 Use of Abstract Representations
7.2.1 Implications for Design Methods and Tool Support
7.2.2 Philosophical Issues: Are they relevant?
7.2.3 The Role of Concepts in Structuring Knowledge
7.3 The Design Frameworks Approach
7.4 An Approach to Design-for-Reuse
7.4.1 Considerations Regarding the Use of Frameworks in Design
7.5 Conclusions
8 Where Are Designers? Styles of Design Practice, Objects of Design and Views of Users in CSCW
8.1 Design as Technique, as Social Function and as Politics
8.2 Three Interpretations of the Significance of "Users"
8.3 Users as Clients: The "Specify and Deliver" Style
8.4 Users as Codesigners: The "Reflect and Reinterpret" Style
8.5 Users as Actor-Constructors: The "Enable and Empower" Style
8.6 Where are Designers? The Geo-Economic "Location" Problem
8.7 Taking Design with Us
9 Coping with Complexity and Interference: Design Issues in Multimedia Conferencing Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The CAR Multimedia Conferencing System
9.3 Design Principles
9.3.1 WYSIWIS
9.3.2 Seamlessness
9.4 Design and Usability Issues
9.4.1 Screen Clutter
9.4.2 Unexpected Events
9.4.3 Notification of Events
9.4.4 Floor Control
9.4.5 Pointers
9.5 Discussion: Design Principles for Multimedia Conferencing
9.6 Conclusions
10 The Role of Replication in the Development of Remote CSCW Systems
10.1 Designing for the Future
10.1.1 The System Designer as Creative Problem Solver
10.1.2 The Difficulty of Exchanging Creation for Facilitation
10.1.3 Single-User Product Innovation
10.2 Designing for the Present: Replication
10.3 An Experiment in Replication
10.3.1 The ROCOCO Station
10.3.2 User Interface
10.4 Evaluating the System
10.4.1 The LookingGlass
10.4.2 An Investigation of the LookingGlass in Use
10.5 Conclusion
11 Computer Supported Conflict Management in Design Teams
11.1 The Challenge: Supporting Collaboration in Design Groups
11.2 Contributions and Limitations of Existing Work
11.3 The Design Collaboration Support System
11.3.1 Describing Design Actions and Rationale
11.3.2 Detecting Conflicts
11.3.3 Resolving Conflicts
11.4 Evaluation and Future Work
12 ShareLib: A Toolkit for CSCW Applications Programming Using X Windows
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Existing Applications
12.3 Other Similar Work
12.4 What Programming Support Should Provide
12.4.1 Features of CSCW
12.4.2 Tailorability
12.5 Design of ShareLib: Architecture
12.5.1 A New Level of Abstraction
12.5.2 Features and Tailorability Provided by the CSCW Layer
12.6 Design of ShareLib: Implementation
12.6.1 The X Window System
12.6.2 ShareLib as a Layer above X Windows
12.7 Example Implementation: The Telepointer
12.7.1 Writing Xlib Applications
12.7.2 The Telepointer Type
12.7.3 Initializing the Telepointer
12.7.4 Processing Telepointer Events
12.7.5 Floor Control
12.7.6 Drawing the Telepointer Pixmap
12.8 Summary and Further Work
13 Adapting a Design History Editor for Concurrent Engineering
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Motivation
13.1.2 Starting Point
13.1.3 Outline of the DHE Work
13.2 Design History Editor
13.2.1 Inherent Difficulties with Current Approaches
13.2.2 Conventional Logbooks and Hypertext
13.2.3 The Impact of Prescription
13.3 User Requirements of the Design History Editor
13.3.1 Page Emulation
13.3.2 Representation of Finer Structure
13.3.3 The Lemma
13.4 Technology
13.4.1 The SMART Frame Server
13.4.2 The Blackboard Architecture
13.4.3 Managing Knowledge Assets
13.4.4 Khoros
13.5 Technology Transfer
13.6 Concluding Remarks
14 "Nouvelle Design": A Pragmatic Approach to CSCW Systems Building
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Background
14.3 Conversation Analysis
14.4 User Centred Design
14.5 Requirements Capture ? Structured Observation
14.5.1 Basic System Functionality
14.5.2 Prototyping
14.5.3 Evaluation
14.5.4 Subject Selection
14.5.6 Types of Data
14.6 System Specification ? Analyse Observations
14.6.1 Aims of Analysis Phase
14.6.2 Data Analysis
14.7 Build and Release ? Review, Interpret, Modify
14.7.1 Aims of this Phase
14.8 Application of the Design Process
14.8.1 Programme
14.8.2 Evaluation
14.9 Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Name Index
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- 1994, 1st Edition., XVII, 321 Seiten, Maße: 23,5 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Springer, Berlin
- ISBN-10: 3540198105
- ISBN-13: 9783540198109
Sprache:
Englisch
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