Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis

Conservation During Plant Respiration
4.2.4 Respiration Rate and Carbohydrate Level
4.3 Respiration in Photosynthesizing Leaves
4.4 Photorespiration and Mitochondrial Metabolism
4.4.1 Oxidation of Photorespiratory NADH by the Respiratory Chain
4.4.2 Oxidation of Photorespiratory NADH via Substrate Shuttles
4.5 Daytime Photosynthesis and Nighttime Respiration
4.5.1 Light Level
4.5.2 CO2 Concentration
4.6 Photosynthesis and Root Respiration
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Apoplastic and Symplastic Proton Concentrations and Their Significance for Metabolism
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definitions
5.2.1 The pH Concept
5.2.2 The Buffer Concept
5.2.3 Techniques to Determine Intra- and Intercellular pH
5.3 Cellular pH
5.3.1 The Apoplastic pH
5.3.2 The Symplastic pH
5.4 Conclusions
References
6 The Significance of Assimilatory Starch for Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana Wild-Type and Starchless Mutants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Metabolic Pathway of Assimilatory Starch Formation and the Use of Mutants to Circumvent Chloroplast Starch Formation
6.3 The Diurnal Starch Turnover
6.4 Significance of Leaf Starch for Growth
6.4.1 Effects of Leaf Starch on Biomass Formation
6.4.2 Effects of Leaf Starch on Regulation of Shoot/Root Ratios
6.5 The Carbon Balance
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Photosynthesis, Storage, and Allocation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Impact of Photosynthesis on Growth, Storage, and Biomass Allocation in Transgenic Tobacco
7.2.1 Photosynthesis and Growth
7.2.2 Photosynthesis and Biomass Allocation
7.2.3 Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in Relation to Photosynthesis
7.2.4 The Tobacco System: Conclusions
7.3 Allocation in Relation to Shoot and Root Activity
7.3.1 Resource, Growth, and Allocation
7.3.2 Photosynthesis, Specific Absorption Rate, and Allocation
7.3.3 The Radish System: Conclusions
7.4 Storage as Related to Resource Availability
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Gas Exchange and Growth
8.1 Introduction
8.2 How Plants Grow
8.3 Photosynthesis and Growth Rates
8.4 The Importance of Allocation
8.5 Do Growth Rates Influence Carbon Assimilation?
8.6 Light Interception by Canopies and Plant Productivity
8.7 Phenology and Rates of Growth and Photosynthesis
8.8 Environmental Stresses Change the Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Growth
8.8.1 Water Deficits
8.8.2 Nitrogen Abundance
8.8.3 Temperature Effects
8.9 Conclusions
Appendix: List of Symbols and Definitions
References
B: Responses of Photosynthesis to Environmental Factors
9 Internal Coordination of Plant Responses to Drought and Evaporational Demand
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Environmental and Plant-Internal Influences on Transpiration
9.3 Root-Leaf Signals Under Moisture Shortage Contribute to Drought Avoidance Responses of Leaves
9.4 Leaf Anatomy, Canopy Structure, and Stomatal Function
9.5 Xylem Conductivity and Leaf Conductance
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 As to the Mode of Action of the Guard Cells in Dry Air
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Two Seminal Experiments
10.3 Some Relevant Observations
10.3.1 On Stomatal Mechanics
10.3.2 Signals and Responses
10.3.3 Hydrology of the Epidermis
10.4 Hypothesis
10.4.1 Feedback
10.4.2 Of Bubbles and Balloons
10.4.3 Piers and Vaults
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Direct Observations of Stomatal Movements
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Methodical Approach
11.3 General Aspects
11.4 Stomatal Responses
11.4.1 Air-Humidity Response
11.4.2 Response to Changing CO2 Concentrations of the Air
11.4.3 Response to Heat
11.4.4 The Transient Phase and Other Pecularities of the Stomatal Response
11.5 Conclusions
References
12 Carbon Gain in Relation to Water Use: Photosynthesis in Mangroves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water Relations: Why Be Conservative?
12.3 Implications of Conservative Water Use for Plant Function
12.4 Implications of Conservative Water Use for Display and Properties of Leaves
12.5 Coping with Excessive Light: Another By-Product of Conservative Water Use
12.6 Into the Future: Coping with Global Increase In Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
References
13 Photosynthesis as a Tool for Indicating Temperature Stress Events
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Development of Temperature Stress and Characteristic Responses of Photosynthesis
13.3 Use of Photosynthetic Responses for Determining Heat Tolerance
13.4. Photosynthetic Function as a Criterion for Screening Chilling Susceptibility
13.5 Assay and Analysis of Freezing Events by Monitoring Photosynthesis
13.6 Conclusions
References
14 Air Pollution, Photosynthesis and Forest Decline: Interactions and Consequences
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sites of Interaction of Air Pollutants with Plants
14.3 The Magnitude of Fluxes into Leaves
14.4 Toxicity
14.5 Detoxification
14.5.1 The Path of Air Pollutants
14.5.2 The Fate of Nitrogen Oxides
14.5.3 The Fate of Ozone
14.5.4 The Fate of SO2
14.5.5 Acid-Dependent Cation Requirements
14.5.6 Interactions Between Different Air Pollutants
14.5.7 Interactions with Climatic Conditions
14.6 Tolerance Limits
14.7 Conclusions
References
C: Plant Performance in the Field
15 Photosynthesis in Aquatic Plants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Definition of the Aquatic Habitat
15.3 The Diversity of Aquatic Plants
15.4 Contribution of Aquatic Plants to Global Net Primary Productivity
15.5 Photon Absorption and Use by Aquatic Plants
15.6 Inorganic Carbon Acquisition by Aquatic Plants: When Does It Limit Net Productivity?
15.7 Water Relations of Intertidal Aquatic Plants in Relation to Photosynthesis
15.8 Conclusions
References
16 Photosynthesis in Poikilohydric Plants: A Comparison of Lichens and Bryophytes
16.1 Introduction
16.2 CO2 Exchange of Lichens and Bryophytes
16.2.1 Net Photosynthetic Rates
16.2.2 Compensation Points and Photorespiration
16.2.3 Dark Respiration Rates
16.2.4 Lichens and Bryophytes as Shade Plants
16.2.5 Thallus Water Content and Photosynthesis
16.2.6 Environmental CO2 Concentration
16.3 Plant Morphology and Photosynthesis
16.3.1 Bryophytes
16.3.2 Lichens
16.4 Water Location and Transport
16.4.1 Bryophytes
16.4.2 Lichens
16.5 An Upper Limit for Photosynthetic Rate?
16.6 Lichens and Bryophytes as Early Land Plants?
16.7 Conclusions
References
17 The Consequences of Sunflecks for Photosynthesis and Growth of Forest Understory Plants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sunflecks in Forest Understories
17.3 Mechanisms Regulating the Utilization of Sunflecks
17.4 Photosynthesis in Natural Sunfleck Pegimes
17.5 The Significance of Sunflecks to Annual Carbon Gain
17.6 Consequences of Sunflecks for Growth and Reproduction
17.7 Conclusions
References
18 Variation in Gas Exchange Characteristics Among Desert Plants
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Species Distribution Gradients in the Desert
18.3 Variation in Moisture and Temperature as Selective Forces for Photosynthetic Variation
18.3.1 Predictability of Precipitation
18.3.2 Drought Duration
18.3.3 Predictability of Temperature
18.4 Gas Exchange Patterns Among Life-Forms
18.4.1 Photosynthetic Pathway Distribution Among Life-Forms
18.4.2 Environment and Life-Form Distribution
18.5 Longevity and Gas Exchange
18.5.1 Water Use in Relation to Carbon Gain
18.5.2 Gas Exchange Flux Versus Set Point
18.5.3 Carbon Isotope Discrimination as a Measure of Intercellular Carbon Dioxide Concentration
18.5.4 Intercellular CO2 and Life History in C3 Plants
18.6 Integrating Gas Exchange Across Complex Environmental Gradients
18.6.1 Evaporative Gradients
18.6.2 Utilization of Summer Moisture Inputs
18.7 Conclusions
References
19 Deuterium Content in Organic Material of Hosts and Their Parasites
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Relative Deuterium Content in the Host and Parasitic Organic Material in Different Kinds of Parasite Performance
19.2.1 Isotope Contents of Galls
19.2.2 Isotope Contents of Holoparasites and Their Host Plants
19.2.3 Isotope Contents of Mistletoes (Hemiparasites) and Their Hosts
19.3 What Are the Reasons for the Isotope Discriminations?
19.3.1 ?13C
19.3.2 ?D
19.4 Conclusions
References
20 Photosynthesis of Vascular Plants: Assessing Canopy Photosynthesis by Means of Simulation Models
20.1 Introduction
20.2 General Structure of Canopy Photosynthesis Models
20.3 The Simple Case: Single-Species Homogeneous Canopies
20.3.1 General Model Description
20.3.2 Model Validation
20.3.3 Case Study: How Do Different Parts of the Canopy Contribute to Total Canopy Photosynthesis?
20.4 Multispecies Homogeneous Canopies
20.4.1 Description of the Model Extensions
20.4.2 Case Study: Symmetric Competition
20.4.3 Case Study: Asymmetric Competition
20.5 Canopies with Nonhomogeneous Structure: Radiation Fluxes in Three Dimensions
20.5.1 Step 1: The Case of Single Plants
20.5.2 Step 2: Scaling Up from Single Plants to Plant Neighborhoods
20.6 Conclusions
References
21 Effects of Phenology, Physiology, and Gradients in Community Composition, Structure, and Microclimate on Tundra Ecosystem CO2 Exchange
21.1 "Phenomenological" or "Aggregate" Models of Ecosystem CO2 Flux
21.2 Concept and General Structure of the Stand Model GAS-FLUX
21.3 Structural Inputs to GAS-FLUX Along Water Gradients in Tundra
21.4 Ecophysiological Inputs to GAS-FLUX Along Water Gradients in Tundra
21.4.1 CO2 Exchange of Vascular Plant Species of Differing Growth Forms
21.4.2 CO2 Exchange of Poikilohydric Plants
21.4.3 CO2 Exchange of the Soil
21.5 Simulations of Ecosystem CO2 Exchange
21.5.1 Diurnal Course of Gas Exchange of Major Tundra Structural Components
21.5.2 Environmental Effects on Diurnal CO2 Exchange and Aggregate Formulations
21.6 Conclusions: Future Directions of GAS-FLUX Development
References
D: Global Aspects of Photosynthesis
22 Leaf Diffusive Conductances in the Major Vegetation Types of the Globe
22.1 The Significance of Leaf Conductances in Vegetation Modeling
22.2 Constraints of Utilizing Leaf Conductances in Vegetation Modeling
22.3 How Was the Data Set Compiled?
22.3.1 Definition of Maximum Leaf Conductance
22.3.2 Definition of Minimum Leaf Conductance for Water Vapor
22.3.3 Definition of Stomatal Response Functions
22.4 Selection of Vegetation Types
22.5 Maximum Leaf Diffusive Conductances in Important Vegetation Types
22.6 Maximum Leaf Diffusive Conductances and Maximum Rate of Leaf Photosynthesis
22.7 Minimum Leaf Diffusive Conductances
22.8 Stomatal Responses in the Field
22.8.1 Long-Term Trends and Seasonal Changes
22.8.2 Short-Term and Diurnal Changes
22.9 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research
References
23 Predictions and Measurements of the Maximum Photosynthetic Rate, Amax, at the Global Scale
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Philosophy
23.3. Experimental Evidence for the Soil N Supply Constraint on Amax
23.3.1 Introduction
23.3.2 Experimental Detail
23.3.3 Results
23.3.4 Discussion
23.4 Modeling Amax at the Global Scale
23.4.1 Introduction
23.4.2 Method of Predicting Amax from Soil C
23.4.3 Validating Amax Predictions
23.4.4 Predicting Amax from Soil C and Soil N
23.5 Global Predictions and Tests of Soil-Based Amax
23.6 Conclusions: Gobai Scale Maps of Observed and Predicted Amax
Appendix: References for Global Measurements of Amax
References
24 Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Photosynthesis
24.1 Remote Sensing, from the Leaf of the Globe
24.1.1 A Range of Approaches
24.2 Models: from Radiance to CO2 Exchange
24.3 Remote Sensing of Photosynthetic Capacity
24.3.1 Absorbed Radiation
24.3.2 Photosynthetic Pigments
24.3.3 Other Compounds
24.4 Remote Sensing of Physiological Status
24.4.1 Fluorescence
24.4.2 Xanthophyll Pigments
24.4.3 Canopy Temperature
24.5 Remote Sensing of Environmental Factors
24.6 Conclusions
References
25 Are C4 Pathway Plants Threatened by Global Climatic Change?
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Low Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations and Evolution of C4 Pathway Photosynthesis
25.3 Physiological Flexibility in C4 Plants Under High CO2 Concentrations
25.3.1 Coordination of Metabolism
25.3.2 Leakage of CO2 from the Bundle Sheath
25.3.3 Translocation of Carbohydrate
25.3.4 Water Use Efficiency
25.3.5 Nitrogen Use Efficiency
25.4 Growth and Competition Between C4 and C3 Plants Under Elevated CO2
25.5 Present Distributions and Diversity of C4 Plants
25.6 Future Distributions of C4 Plants
25.7 Conclusion
References
E: Perspectives in Ecophysiological Research of Photosynthesis
26 Overview: Perspectives in Ecophysiological Research of Photosynthesis
26.1 Introduction: A Historic Perspective
26.2 Methodology
26.3 The Molecular and Biochemical Venue of Photosynthetic Ecophysiology
26.4 Balancing Photosynthesis and Transpiration
26.5 Photosynthetic Performance of Different Plant Groups
26.6 Photosynthesis and Global Climate Change: Making Global Predictions
26.7 Where Will Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis Venture in the Coming Decade? We Offer Some Thoughts
References
Species Index