Ecotoxicology

Introduction. Issues associated with pesticide toxicology and arthropod natural enemies in the pre- and post-registration stages of chemical development. Defining the problem. The initiative of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group pesticides and beneficial organisms. Reducing insecticide use in plant protection in Israel: policy and programmes. Pesticides and natural enemies: Malaysia perspectives. The European situation. Risk assessment and management. Standard laboratory methods to test the side effects of pesticides (initial and persistence) on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). Development and ring-testing of a standardised laboratory test for parasitic wasps, using the aphid-specific parasitoid, Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Current status of a ring-tested method to determine pesticide effects on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) (acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory. Testing side effects of pesticides on carabid beetles - a standardised method for testing ground dwelling predators in the laboratory for registration purposes. Testing side effects of pesticides on spiders (Pardosa spp.) in the laboratory. Two-step system using the plant dwelling non-target insect Coccinella septempunctata to generate data for registration of pesticides. Side-effects of pesticides on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): actual state of t he laboratory method. Worst case laboratory testing methods for the evaluation of the effect of pesticides on the predatory bug Orius laevigatus. Field studies with pesticides and non-target arthropods in orchards. Accuracy and efficiency of sequential pesticide testing protocols for phytoseiid mites. Using a sequential testing scheme under laboratory and field conditions with the bumble bee Bombus terrestris to evaluate the safety of different groups of insecticides. Testing effects of pesticides on adult carabid beetlesin semi-field and field experiments. The value of large-scale field trials for