Electric Circuits: International Version

Gages 145 5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals 146 5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents 146 5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit 150 5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit 152 5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit 153 5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit 155 5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Operational Amplifier 159 Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 162 Summary 164 Problems 165 Chapter 6 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 174 Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches 175 6.1 The Inductor 176 6.2 The Capacitor 182 6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of Inductance and Capacitance 187 6.4 Mutual Inductance 189 6.5 A Closer Look at Mutual Inductance 193 Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches 200 Summary 203 Problems 204 Chapter 7 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 212 Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit 213 7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit 214 7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit 220 7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits 224 7.4 A General Solution for Step and Natural Responses 231 7.5 Sequential Switching 236 7.6 Unbounded Response 240 7.7 The Integrating Amplifier 241 Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit 245 Summary 246 Problems 247 Chapter 8 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 264 Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit 265 8.1 Introduction to the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 266 8.2 The Forms of the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 270 8.3 The Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 280 8.4 The Natural and Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit 285 8.5 A Circuit with Two Integrating Amplifiers 289 Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit 294 Summary 297 Problems 298 Chapter 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 306 Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit 307 9.1 The Sinusoidal Source 308 9.2 The Sinusoidal Response 311 9.3 The Phasor 312 9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain 317 9.5 Kirchhoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain 321 9.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications 322 9.7 Source Transformations and Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits 329 9.8 The Node-Voltage Method 332 9.9 The Mesh-Current Method 333 9.10 The Transformer 334 9.11 The Ideal Transformer 338 9.12 Phasor Diagrams 344 Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit 346 Summary 347 Problems 348 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 360 Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances 361 10.1 Instantaneous Power 362 10.2 Average and Reactive Power 363 10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations 368 10.4 Complex Power 370 10.5 Power Calculations 371 10.6 Maximum Power Transfer 378 Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances 384 Summary 386 Problems 387 Chapter 11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 398 Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 399 11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages 400 11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources 401 11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit 402 11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit 407 11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 410 11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase Circuits 415 Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 418 Summary 419 Problems 420 Chapter 12 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 428 Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 429 12.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 430 12.2 The Step Function 431 12.3 The Impulse Function 433 12.4 Functional Transforms 436 12.5 Operational Transforms 437 12.6 Applying the Laplace Transform 442 12.7 Inverse Transforms 444 12.8 Poles and Zeros of F(s) 454 12.9 Initial- and Final-Value Theorems 455 Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 458 Summary 459 Problems 460 Chapter 13 The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 466 Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 467 13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain 468 13.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 470 13.3 Applications 472 13.4 The Transfer Function 484 13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial Fraction Expansions 486 13.6 The Transfer Function and the Convolution Integral 489 13.7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response 495 13.8 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis 498 Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 505 Summary 506 Problems 507 Chapter 14 Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits 522 Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits 523 14.1 Some Preliminaries 524 14.2 Low-Pass Filters 526 14.3 High-Pass Filters 532 14.4 Bandpass Filters 536 14.5 Bandreject Filters 545 Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits 550 Summary 550 Problems 551 Chapter 15 Active Filter Circuits 558 Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control 559 15.1 First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters 560 15.2 Scaling 564 15.3 Op Amp Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 566 15.4 Higher Order Op Amp Filters 573 15.5 Narrowband Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 586 Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control 591 Summary 594 Problems 595 Chapter 16 Fourier Series 604 Practical Perspective: Active High-Q Filters 605 16.1 Fourier Series Analysis: An Overview 607 16.2 The Fourier Coefficients 608 16.3 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients 611 16.4 An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series 617 16.5 An Application 619 16.6 Average-Power Calculations with Periodic Functions 623 16.7 The rms Value of a Periodic Function 626 16.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series 627 16.9 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 630 Practical Perspective: Active High-Q Filters 632 Summary 634 Problems 635 Chapter 17 The Fourier Transform 644 Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital Signals 645 17.1 The Derivation of the Fourier Transform 646 17.2 The Convergence of the Fourier Integral 648 17.3 Using Laplace Transforms to Find Fourier Transforms 650 17.4 Fourier Transforms in the Limit 653 17.5 Some Mathematical Properties 655 17.6 Operational Transforms 657 17.7 Circuit Applications 661 17.8 Parseval's Theorem 664 Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital Signals 671 Summary 672 Problems 672 Chapter 18 Two-Port Circuits 678 Practical Perspective: Characterizing an Unknown Circuit 679 18.1 The Terminal Equations 680 18.2 The Two-Port Parameters 681 18.3 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit 689 18.4 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits 694 Practical Perspective: Characterizing an Unknown Circuit 697 Summary 698 Problems 698 Appendix A The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations 705 A.1 Preliminary Steps 705 A.2 Cramer's Method 706 A.3 The Characteristic Determinant 706 A.4 The Numerator Determinant 706 A.5 The Evaluation of a Determinant 707 A.6 Matrices 709 A.7 Matrix Algebra 710 A.8 Identity, Adjoint, and Inverse Matrices 714 A.9 Partitioned Matrices 717 A.10 Applications 720 Appendix B Complex Numbers 725 B.1 Notation 725 B.2 The Graphical Representation of a Complex Number 726 B.3 Arithmetic Operations 727 B.4 Useful Identities 728 B.5 The Integer Power of a Complex Number 729 B.6 The Roots of a Complex Number 729 Appendix C More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers 731 C.1 Equivalent Circuits for Magnetically Coupled Coils 731 C.2 The Need for Ideal Transformers in the Equivalent Circuits 735 Appendix D The Decibel 739 Appendix E Bode Diagrams 741 E.1 Real, First-Order Poles and Zeros 741 E.2 Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 742 E.3 More Accurate Amplitude Plots 746 E.4 Straight-Line Phase Angle Plots 747 E.5 Bode Diagrams: Complex Poles and Zeros 749 E.6 Amplitude Plots 751 E.7 Correcting Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 752 E.8 Phase Angle Plots 755 Appendix F An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities 759 Appendix G An Abbreviated Table of Integrals 761 Appendix H Common Standard Component Values 763 Answers to Selected Problems 765 Index 781