Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes

1. Introduction.

1.1 Natural land-cover changes
1.2 Anthropogenic land-cover changes
1.3 Land-cover changes and weather and climate
1.4 References

2. Physical and chemical principles
2.1 Energy balance
2.1.1 Latent and sensible heat fluxes
2.1.2 Surface heterogeneity
2.2 Clouds and precipitation
2.3 Air chemistry
2.3.1 Emissions
2.3.2 Background chemistry
2.3.3 Polluted air
2.3.4 Aqueous chemistry
2.3.5 Gas-to-particle formation
2.3.6 Removal of gases and aerosols
2.4 Interaction between energy, water and trace gas cycle
2.5 References

3. Impact of land-cover and land-cover changes
3.1 Detection of land-cover changes
3.1.1 Land-cover maps
3.1.2 Remote sensing derived land-cover
3.1.3 Land-cover change detection
3.1.4 Role of land-cover data in land-cover related studies
3.2 Observations and major field experiments
3.3 Mechanisms
3.3.1 Changes of the surface fluxes
3.3.2 Secondary changes in response to land-cover change
3.3.3 Teleconnection
3.4 Scales
3.4.1 Inhomogeneity
3.4.2 Heterogeneity at various scales
3.4.3 Impact of heterogeneity
3.5 Land-cover change impacts
3.5.1 Deforestation and forest degradation
3.5.1.1 Tropical forests
3.5.1.2 Temperate forest
3.5.1.3 Boreal forest
3.5.1.4 Trace gas impacts
3.5.2 Conversion of native grasslands to cropland
3.5.2.1 Impact of irrigation
3.5.2.2 Trace gases
3.5.3 Droughts and desertification
3.5.4 Re-cultivation
3.5.4.1 Afforestation and reforestation
3.5.4.2 Drylands
3.5.5 Urbanization
3.5.5.1 Urban heat island effect
3.5.5.2 Urban impacts on clouds and precipitations
3.5.5.3 Other dynamical impacts of urbanization
3.5.5.4 Trace gas and aerosol release from cities
3.5.6 Water bodies
3.5.7 Interaction of land-cover change impacts
3.6 References

4. Future challenges
4.1 Future emission scenarios
4.2 Land-cover change impacts under future climate conditions
4.2.1 Biogeophysical feedbacks
4.2.1.1 Prescribed, fixed LCC
4.2.1.2 Gradually changing