Monitoring and surveillance of genetically modified higher plants

1 Introduction.- 1.1 How to use this book.- 1.2 Biotechnology and new GM crops placed on the market.- 1.3 Risk assessment, monitoring and the EU directives.- 2 Environmental concerns and concepts.- 2.1 The risk of GMHP invasion.- 2.2 Ecological effects of GMHP.- 2.3 Concepts and definitions.- 2.4 List of relevant links for information on monitoring of GMHP.- 3 Monitoring and surveillance of GMHP dispersal and effects.- 3.1 Objectives for monitoring programs.- 3.2 Scheme for the process of monitoring GMHP.- 3.3 Approaches to monitoring.- 3.4 Factors that may make a community invasible.- 3.5 Suggestions for a tripartite monitoring program.- 3.6 Data analysis and evaluation of results.- 3.7 Extent of monitoring.- 3.8 Reassessment of established monitoring procedures.- 4 Perspectives of habitat selection.- 4.1 Background for habitat selection in Denmark and EU.- 4.2 Important factors for selection of exposed areas.- 4.3 Background for habitat selection in relation to GMHP-monitoring.- 4.4 Which habitats should be monitored?.- 4.5 General changes affecting plants and other organisms.- 4.6 Baseline definition.- 5 Agricultural use and effects of GMHP.- 5.1 Detection of adverse effects in cultivated fields.- 5.2 Effects and monitoring of GM crops used in large-scale farming.- 6 Dispersal of GMHP and transgenes.- 6.1 Detection of GMHP dispersal and invasion.- 6.2 Detection of hybridisation and transgene dispersal.- 7 Effect identification and detection.- 7.1 Effect types, identification and assessment.- 7.2 Assessment of effects on vegetation, ecosystem structure and function.- 7.3 Detection of effects on soil organisms.- 7.4 Detection of effects on aboveground organisms.- 7.5 Sampling designs and data analysis methods.- 8 Data analysis and evaluation.- 8.1 Statistical methods and tools.- 8.2 Use of modelling to assist monitoring.- 8.3 Evaluation, information management and policy making.- 9 Conclusions and recommendations.- 10 References.- 11 Subject index.