Ophthalmology

4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases Michael H. Goldstein - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Principles 4.1 Corneal Anatomy, Physiology and Wound Healing Ayad A. Farjo, Mark L. McDermott, Kaz Soong 4.2 Corneal Topography and Wave Front Imaging Michael J. Taravella, Richard S. Davidson Section 2: Congenital Abnormailities 4.3 Congenital Corneal Abnormailities Joel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia Section 3: External Diseases 4.4 Blepharitis Jyotsom B. Ganatra, Michael H. Goldstein 4.5 HZV Ophthalmicus Huck A. Holz, Ladan Espandar, Majid Moshirfar Section 4: Conjunctival Diseases 4.6 Conjunctivitis: infectious and non-infectious Jonathan B. Rubenstein, Vanee Virasch 4.7 Allergic Conjunctivitis Jonathan B. Rubenstein, Vanee Virasch 4.8 Tumors of Conjunctiva and Cornea James J. Augsburger, Zelia M. Correa 4.9 Pterygium and Conjunctival Degenerations Qais A. Farjo, Alan Sugar 4.10 Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid/Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Ahmed Al-Ghoul, Gene Kim, Deepinder K. Dhaliwal Section 5: Scleral and Episcleral Diseases 4.11 Episcleritis and Scleritis Debra Goldstein, Howard H. Tessler Section 6: Corneal Diseases 4.12 Bacterial Keratitis Stephen D. McLeod 4.13 Fungal Keratitis Stephen D. McLeod 4.14 Parasitic Keratitis Stephen D. McLeod 4.15 Herpes Simplex Keratitis Sonal Tuli 4.16 Peripheral ulcerative keratitis Sarkis Soukiasian 4.17 Noninfectious Keratitis Charles S. Bouchard 4.18 Keratoconus and other Ectasias Joel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia 4.19 Anterior Corneal Dystrophies Bryan Edgington, Michael H. Goldstein 4.20 Stromal Corneal Dystrophies Joel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia 4.21 Corneal Endothelium Steven T. Berger, Mark L. McDermott, Harvinder K.S. Atluri 4.22 Corneal Degenerations Qais Farjo, Alan Sugar 4.23 Dry Eye Elmer Yuchen Tu, Stephen D. Rheinstrom Section 7: Misc. 4.24 Contact Lens-Related Complications Thomas L. Steinemann, William Ehlers, Jeanine Suchecki 4.25 Corneal and External Eye Manifestations of Systemic Disease Anna C. Newlin, Hormuz Wadia, Joel Sugar Section 8: Trauma 4.26 Acid and Alkali Burns Steven Rhee, Michael H. Goldstein Section 9: Surgery 4.27 Corneal Surgery Lisa Marten, Ming X. Wang, Carol L. Karp, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar 4.28 Excimer Laser Treatment of Corneal Pathology Lisa Marten, Ming X. Wang, Carol L. Karp, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar 4.29 Conjunctival Surgery Lisa Marten, Ming X. Wang, Carol L. Karp, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar 4.30 Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted treatment for corneal endothelial dysfunction Francis W. Price, Jr., Marianne O. Price 4.31 Surgical Ocular Surface Reconstruction Vahid Feiz, Ivan R. Schwab 4.32 Management of Corneal Thinning, Melting, and Perforation Nicoletta Fynn-Thompson, Michael H. Goldstein Part 5: The Lens Emanuel S. Rosen - Section Editor 5.1 Basic science of the lens Eric Dai, Michael E. Boulton 5.2 Evolution of Intraocular Lens Implantation Liliana Werner, Andrea M. Izak, Robert T. Isaacs, Suresh K. Pandey, David J. Apple 5.3 Patient Work-up for Cataract Surgery Frank W. Howes 5.4 Indications for lens surgery/Indications for application of different lens surgery techniques Frank W. Howes 5.5 The pharmacotherapy of cataract surgery Steve A. Arshinoff, Yvonne A.V. Opalinski 5.6 Anesthesia for cataract surgery Donna L. Greenhalgh 5.7 Phacoemulsification David Allen 5.8 Refractive aspects of cataract surgery Emanuel S. Rosen 5.9 Small incision cataract surgery Mark Packer, I. Howard Fine, Richard S. Hoffman 5.10 Manual cataract extraction Frank Howes 5.11 Combined procedures David Allen 5.12 Cataract surgery in complicated eyes Gary S. Schwartz, Stephen S. Lane 5.13 Pediatric cataract surgery Elie Dahan 5.14 Complications of cataract surgery Thomas Kohnen, Li Wang, Neil J. Friedman, Douglas D. Koch 5.15 Outcomes of cataract surgery Mats Lundstrom 5.16 Secondary Cataract Liliana Werner 5.17 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology and Visual Effects Mark Wevill Part 6: Retina and Vitreous Jay S. Duker - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Science 6.1 Structure and function of the neural retina Hermann D. Schubert 6.2 Retinal pigment epithelium "Michael F. Marmor " 6.3 Retinal and choroidal circulation Shiyoung Roh, John J. Weiter Section 2: Basic Principles of Retinal Surgery 6.4 Laser Photocoagulation Michael Ip, Carmen A. Puliafito 6.5 Scleral Buckling Surgery George A. Williams 6.6 Vitrectomy Michael Engelbert, Stanley Chang Section 3: Ancillary Tests 6.7 Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography Yale L. Fisher, James M. Klancnik, Jr., Hanna Rodriguez-Coleman, Antonio P. Ciardella, Nicole E. Gross 6.8 Fluorescein Angiography, Indocyanine Green Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography F. Ryan Prall, Jeffrey L. Olson, C.J. Barnett, Naresh Mandava 6.9 Electrophysiology Tina Scheufele Cleary, Elias Reichel Section 4: Dystrophies 6.10 Retinitis pigmentosa and related disorders Paul A. Sieving 6.11 Macular dystrophies Steven N. Truong, Kimberly Dresner, David G. Telander, Lawrence S. Morse, Kent W. Small 6.12 Choroidal dystrophies Sandeep Grover, Gerald A. Fishman 6.13 Congenital stationary night blindness Kenneth G. Noble 6.14 Hereditary vitreoretinopathies Alan E. Kimura Section 5: Vascular Disorders 6.15 Hyertensive retinopathy Adam Rogers 6.16 Retinal Arterial Obstruction Jay S. Duker 6.17 Venous obstructive disease of the retina Mike G. Morley, Jeffrey S. Heier 6.18 Retinopathy of prematurity Kimberly A. Drenser, Antonio Capone, Jr. 6.19 Diabetic retinopathy Brett J. Rosenblatt, William E. Benson 6.20 Ocular ischemic syndrome Matthew T.S. Tennant, Arunan Sivalingam, Gergory M. Fox, Gary C. Brown 6.21 Hemoglobinopathies Allen C. Ho 6.22 Coats' Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia Diana V. Do, Julia A. Haller 6.23 Radiation retinopathy and papillopathy Desmond B. Archer 6.24 Proliferative retinopathies Srilaxmi Bearelly, Jeevan R. Mathura, Jr., Lee M. Jampol 6.25 Retinal arterial macroaneurysms Janice E. Contreras, William F. Mieler, Robert A. Mittra, John S. Pollack, Julia Jiyamapa Section 6: Macular Disorders 6.26 Choroidal neovascularization Richard F. Spaide 6.27 Age-related macular degeneration Philip J. Rosenfeld, Adam Martidis, Matthew T.S. Tennant 6.28 Degenerative myopia Brad J. Baker, Ronald C. Pruett 6.29 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Anna S. Kitzmann, Jose S. Pulido, William J. Wirostko 6.30 Macular Hole Jay S. Duker 6.31 Epiretinal membrane T. Mark Johnson, Mark W. Johnson 6.32 Vitreomacular traction syndrome William E. Smiddy 6.33 Cystoid macular edema Arthur Fu, Alex Bui, Richard Roe, Irma Ahmed, Everett Ai 6.34 Coexistent optic nerve and macular abnormalities Gary C. Brown, Melissa M. Brown 6.35 Angioid streaks James F. Vander Section 7: Retinal Detachment 6.36 Peripheral retinal lesions William S. Tasman 6.37 Retinal breaks Craig M. Greven 6.38 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Charles P. Wilkinson 6.39 Serous detachments of the neural retina Rajiv Anand, Patrick D. Williams 6.40 Choroidal hemorrhage Michael Kapusta, Pedro Lopez 6.41 Proliferative vitreoretinopathy G. William Aylward Section 8: Trauma 6.42 Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma Patrick E. Rubsamen 6.43 Distant trauma with posterior segment effects Jason Hsu, Carl D. Regillo 6.44 Light toxicity and laser burns Caroline R. Baumal 6.45 Retinal Toxicity of Systemically Administered Drugs Richard Hamilton, David V. Weinberg Section 9: Retinal Detachment/Vitreous 6.46 Vitreous anatomy and pathology J. Sebag Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations Narsing A. Rao - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Principles 7.1 Anatomy of the uvea Monica T. Evans 7.2 Mechanisms of uveitis Igal Gery, Chi-Chao Chan 7.3 General approach to the uveitis patient and treatment strategies David J. Forster Section 2: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Viral 7.4 Herpes and other viral infections P. Kumar Rao 7.5 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis (CMVR) in AIDS Ehud Zamir Section 3: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Bacterial 7.6 Syphilitic and other spirochetal uveitis Julie H. Tsai, Jennifer R. Chao, Narsing A. Rao 7.7 Tuberculosis, leprosy and brucellosis Amod Gupta, Vishali Gupta 7.8 Cat scratch and Whipple's disease Robert C. Wang 7.9 Endophthalmitis Russell W. Read Section 4: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Fungal 7.10 Histoplasmosis Ramana S. Moorthy 7.11 Fungal Endophthalmitis: Candidiasis, Aspergillosis and Coccidioidomycosis Shailaja Valluri, Ramana S. Moorthy Section 5: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Protozoal and Parasitic 7.12 Ocular toxoplasmosis Stacy Pineles, Sarah M. Rikkers, Ralph D. Levinson 7.13 Posterior parasitic uveitis Jyotirmay Biswas Section 6: Uveitis Associated With Systemic Disease 7.14 Uveitis related to HLA-B27 and juvenile arthritis Carlos Pavesio, Nicholas Jones 7.15 Sarcoidosis Claude L. Cowan Jr. 7.16 Behcets disease Annabella A. Okada 7.17 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease Narsing A. Rao, Hajime Inomata Section 7: Traumatic Uveitis 7.18 Phacogenic uveitis David J. Forster 7.19 Sympathetic uveitis Narsing A. Rao, George E. Marak Jr. Section 8: Uveitis of Unknown Causes 7.20 Idiopathic and other anterior uveitis syndromes Julie H. Tsai, Narsing A. Rao 7.21 Pars planitis and other intermediate uveitis Julie H. Tsai, Narsing A. Rao 7.22 Posterior uveitis of unknown cause Ramana S. Moorthy, Lee M. Jampol Section 9: Masquerade Syndromes 7.23 Masquerade Syndromes: Neoplasms Russell W. Read Part 8: Intraocular Tumors James J. Augsburger - Section Editor Section 1: Malignant and Intraocular Tumors 8.1 Retinoblastoma James J. Augsburger, Norbert Bornfeld, Michael Giblin 8.2 Uveal Melanoma James J. Augsburger, Bertil E. Damato, Norbert Bornfeld 8.3 Metastatic Cancer to the Eye James J. Augsburger, Rudolf Guthoff 8.4 Lymphoma and Leukemia James J. Augsburger, William G. Tsiaras 8.5 Medulloepithelioma James J. Augsburger, Zelia M. Correa Section 2: Benign Intraocular Tumors 8.6 Uveal Nevus James J. Augsburger, J. William Harbour, John R. Gonder 8.7 Choroidal Hemangiomas James J. Augsburger, Rajiv Anand, George E. Sanborn 8.8 Choroidal Osteoma James J. Augsburger, Rudolf Guthoff 8.9 Astrocytoma of Retina James J. Augsburger, Alan F. Cruess 8.10 Hemangiomas of Retina James J. Augsburger, Norbert Bornfeld, Zelia M. Correa 8.11 Combined Hamartoma of Retina James J. Augsburger, Sanford M. Meyers 8.12 Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium James J. Augsburger, James P. Bolling Section 3: Phakomatoses 8.13 Phakomatoses James J. Augsburger, James P. Bolling Part 9: Neuro-ophthalmology Alfredo A. Sadun - Section Editor Section 1: Imaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology 9.1 Principles of imaging in neuro-ophthalmology Swaraj Bose Section 2: The Afferent Visual System 9.2 Anatomy and physiology Alfredo A. Sadun 9.3 Differentiation of optic nerve from retinal macular disease Alfredo A. Sadun 9.4 Congenital optic disc anomalies Michael C. Brodsky 9.5 Papilledema and raised intracranial pressure Alfredo A. Sadun 9.6 Inflammatory optic neuropathies and neuroretinitis Jason R. Guercio, Laura J. Balcer 9.7 Ischemic Optic Neuropathies Anthony C. Arnold 9.8 Hereditary, nutritional, and toxic optic atrophies Alfredo A. Sadun, Sevgi Gurkan 9.9 Prechiasmal pathways - compression by optic nerve and sheath tumors Thomas C. Spoor 9.10 Traumatic optic neuropathies Thomas C. Spoor 9.11 Optic chiasm, parasellar region, and pituitary fossa Richard M. Rubin, Alfredo A. Sadun, Alfio Piva 9.12 Retrochiasmal pathways, higher cortical function, nonorganic visual loss Andrew W. Lawton Section 3: The Efferent Visual System 9.13 Disorders of supranuclear control of ocular motility Patrick J.M. Lavin, Sean P. Donahue 9.14 Nuclear and fascicular disorders of eye movement Sean P. Donahue 9.15 Paresis of isolated and multiple cranial nerves and painful ophthalmoplegia Mark L. Moster 9.16 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction Deborah I. Friedman 9.17 Ocular myopathies Richard M. Rubin, Alfredo A. Sadun 9.18 Nystagmus, saccadic intrusions, and oscillations Peter A. Quiros, Robert D. Yee 9.19 The Pupils Randy H. Kardon 9.20 Presbyopia and loss of accommodation Sean P. Donahue Section 4: The Brain 9.21 Headache and facial pain Joel M. Weinstein 9.22 Tumors, infections, inflammations, and neurodegenerations Hossein G. Saadati, Alfredo A. Sadun Section 5: Neuro-Ophthalmologic Emergencies 9.23 Urgent Neuro-Ophthalmic Pathologies Peter A. Quiros 9.24 Trauma, drugs, and toxins Deborah I. Friedman, Luis J. Mejico 9.25 Vascular disorders Thomas R. Hedges, Jr., Peter A. Quiros Part 10: Glaucoma Joel S. Schuman - Section Editor Section 1: Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Glaucoma 10.1 Epidemiology of glaucoma Pradeep Ramulu, David S. Friedman 10.2 Screening for glaucoma Joshua D. Stein, Paul P. Lee 10.3 Mechanisms of glaucoma Martin Wax, Abe Clark, Mortimer M. Civan Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis 10.4 Clinical examination of glaucoma Jerome C. Ramos-Esteban, L. Jay Katz, William Goldberg, Anna Goldberg 10.5 Visual Field Testing in Glaucoma Donald L. Budenz 10.6 Advanced Psychophysical tests for glaucoma Chris A. Johnson 10.7 Optic Nerve Analysis Gadi Wollstein, Joel S. Schuman 10.8 Optic nerve blood flow measurement Alon Harris, Ehud Rechtman 10.9 Ocular Hypertension Polly Henderson, Thad Labbe, Michael A. Kass Section 3: Specific Types of Glaucoma 10.10 Primary open angle glaucoma J.C.H Tan, Paul L. Kaufman 10.11 Normal-Tension Glaucoma Roger A. Hitchings 10.12 Angle closure glaucoma Jovina L.S. See, Paul T.K. Chew 10.13 Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma Patrick J. Riedel, Thomas W. Samuelson 10.14 Pigmentary glaucoma M. Bruce Shields 10.15 Neovascular glaucoma Malik Y. Kahook 10.16 Ocular Inflammatory and Corticosteroid Induced Glaucoma Ivan Goldberg, Ridia Lim 10.17 Glaucoma Associated With Ocular Trauma David P. Tingey, Bradford J. Shingleton 10.18 Glaucoma and Raised Episcleral Venous Pressure E. Randy Craven 10.19 Aqueous misdirection syndrome Nishat P. Alvi, Louis B. Cantor 10.20 Glaucoma associated with abnormalities of cornea and iris, tumors, and retinal disease Elliott Kanner, James C. Tsai 10.21 Congenital Glaucoma James D. Brandt Section 4: Therapy 10.22 When to treat glaucoma Rebecca S. Walker, Jody R. Piltz Seymour 10.23 Which therapy to use in glaucoma? Douglas J. Rhee, Clive S. Migdal 10.24 Current medical management of glaucoma Ronald L. Gross 10.25 Laser Trabeculoplasty and Laser Peripheral Iridectomy Karim F. Damji 10.26 Laser filtration procedures Martha Motuz Leen 10.27 Cyclodestructive procedures in glaucoma Robert J. Noecker 10.28 Goniotomy and trabeculectomy Sarwat Salim, David S. Walton 10.29 Non-penetrating glaucoma surgery Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, Baseer U. Khan 10.30 Trabeculectomy Cynthia Mattox 10.31 Antifibrotic agents in glaucoma surgery Peng Tee Khaw, Jonathan Clarke 10.32 Drainage implants Jeffrey Freedman 10.33 Complications of glaucoma surgery and their management Leon W. Herndon 10.34 Genes associated with Human Glaucoma Janey L. Wiggs 10.35 Evidence based medicine in glaucoma Henry Jampel, Kimberly E. Brown Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus Gary R. Diamond - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Science 11.1 Anatomy and physiology of the extraocular muscles and surrounding tissues Brian N. Campolattaro, Frederick M. Wang Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis 11.2 Evaluating vision in preverbal and preliterate infants and children Gary R. Diamond 11.3 Examination of ocular alignment and eye movements Gary R. Diamond 11.4 Sensory adaptations in strabismus Gary R. Diamond Section 3: Ocular Manifestations 11.5 Sensory status in strabismus Gary R. Diamond 11.6 Esotropia Gary R. Diamond 11.7 Exotropia Gary R. Diamond 11.8 Oblique muscle dysfunctions Gary R. Diamond 11.9 Alphabet pattern strabismus Gary R. Diamond 11.10 Paralytic strabismus Steven E. Rubin 11.11 Other vertical strabismus forms Howard M. Eggers 11.12 Amblyopia Gary R. Diamond Section 4: Treatment 11.13 Forms of nonsurgical strabismus management Gary R. Diamond 11.14 Techniques of strabismus surgery Robert W. Lingua, Gary R. Diamond Part 12: Orbit and Oculoplastics Jonathan J. Dutton - Section Editor Section 1: Orbital Anatomy and Imaging 12.1 Clinical anatomy of the eyelids Jonathan J. Dutton 12.2 Clinical anatomy of the orbit Jonathan J. Dutton 12.3 Orbital imaging techniques Jonathan J. Dutton Section 2: Eyelids 12.4 Eyelid retraction Gene R. Howard 12.5 Blepharoptosis Philip L. Custer 12.6 Entropion James W. Gigantelli 12.7 Ectropion Fiona O. Robinson, J. Richard O. Collin 12.8 Essential blepharospasm Donald C. Faucett 12.9 Benign eyelid lesions Ann G. Neff, Keith D. Carter 12.10 Eyelid malignancies Gregory J. Vaughn, Richard K. Dortzbach, Gregg S. Gayre 12.11 Eyelid trauma and reconstruction techniques Jeffrey P. Green, George C. Charonis, Robert Alan Goldberg Section 3: Orbit and Lacrimal Gland 12.12 Orbital diseases Jonathan J. Dutton 12.13 Orbital surgery Jonathan J. Dutton 12.14 Enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration Myron Tanenbaum 12.15 The Lacrimal drainage system Jeffrey J. Hurwitz Section 4: Periorbital Aesthetic Procedures 12.16 Cosmetic blepharoplasty and browplasty Francois Codere, Nancy Tucker 12.17 Injectable skin fillers Gregg S. Gayre 12.18 Cosmetic Wrinkle Reduction with Botulinum Toxin William J. Lipham