Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1. The Moisture Environment 1.1. The Palmer drought index 1.2. The crop moisture index 1.3. The conventions of crop water use 2. Plant Water Relations, Plant Stress and Plant Production 2.1. The initiation of plant water deficit 2.2. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) 2.2.1. The albedo 2.2.2. The water flux 2.2.3. Root resistance 2.2.4. Stem resistance 2.2.5. Leaf resistance (excluding stomata and cuticle) 2.2.6. Stomatal resistance 2.2.7. Cuticular resistance 2.3. Plant size and the development of water deficit 2.4. Plant water status and plant stress 2.4.1. Osmotic adjustment (OA) 2.4.2. Abscisic acid (ABA) 2.5. Growth and water deficit 2.6. Root growth under drought stress 2.7. The formation of yield and drought stress 3. Drought Resistance and its Improvement 3.1. Genetic gains achieved in plant breeding for drought resistance 3.2. Genomics and breeding for drought resistance 3.2.1. Gene expression and gene discovery 3.2.2. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) for drought resistance 3.2.3. Transgenic plants 3.3. Drought resistance in terms of yield 3.3.1. Drought resistance and yield potential: the crossover interaction 3.3.2. The heritability of yield and drought stress 3.3.3. QTLs and yield under drought stress 3.4. Drought resistance in terms of physiology 3.4.1. The disease resistance analogy 3.4.2. The components of drought resistance 3.5. Water-use efficiency (WUE) 3.5.1. Effective use of water (EUW) and not WUE is the important driver of yield under drought stress 3.6. Summary of plant constitutive traits controlling drought resistance 3.7. The drought resistant ideotype 3.7.1. The ideotype with respect to drought stress scenarios 3.7.2. The ideotype with respect to timing of stress 4. Phenotyping and Selection 4.1. The managed stress environment 4.1.1. Site homogeneity 4.1.2. Experiment station faults 4.1.3. Controlling the water regime 4.1.4. Controlling the severity and timing of stress in the field 4.1.5. Managed drought

Abraham Blum is senior scientist retired from The Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, at Bet Dagan, Israel where he headed the dryland wheat and sorghum breeding programs. Throughout his career his main interest was in understanding how plants cope with drought and heat stress and subsequently identify principles and develop methods for the genetic improvement of plant production under drought and heat stress. He authored numerous scientific papers and reviews on the subject as well as a book entitled 'Plant Breeding for Stress Environments'. Presently he is consulting and teaching, while curating his web site at www.plantstress.com.