Sustainable Tourism

1 Introduction7 2 Tourism13 2.1 Definition13 2.2 Pre-tourism forms of travelling14 2.3 The economic power of tourism15 2.4 Mass tourism and its"ecologicalcosts"17 2.5 Money flow to and at destinations20 2.6 The ecologicalfootprint22 2.7 Negative consequences of mobility27 2.8 Mass tourism and its"socialcosts"32 3 Alternative forms of tourism35 3.1 Forms and definitions35 3.1.1 Alternative and sustainable tourism36 3.1.2 Nature-based tourism40 3.1.3 Environmentallyandsociallyfriendlytourism and ecotourism41 3.1.4 Special forms of ecotourism: conservation and volunteer tourism45 3.1.5 Farm tourism46 3.1.6 Pro-poor tourism47 3.1.7 Adventure tourism47 3.1.8 Criticism of there levance of definitions with regard to sustainability48 3.2 Low-carbon travelling49 3.2.1 Soft mobility49 3.2.2 CO2-sequestration by treeplanting52 3.3 Touristic attractiveness of natural areas53 4 Combining nature conservation and sustainable tourism55 4.1 Finding the right balance55 4.2 Should there be entrance fees for national parks?55 4.3 Disturbances in protected areas caused by tourism59 4.4 The concept of carrying capacity60 4.5 Big-game hunting65 4.6 PAN parks: combining wilderness protection and Economic benefits69 4.6.1 The Protected Areas Network and ist objectives69 4.6.2 Acceptance by local communities73 4.7 Implementation of ecotourism projects74 4.8 Tourism and ethics77 5 From the analysis of tourist trips to an evaluation schema79 5.1 Important issues in evaluating tourist trips79 5.2Analysis of tourist trips85 5.3 A systematic approach to tourist trip evaluation101 6 Guidelines for planning and managing sustainable tourism107 6.1 Guidelines for sustainable tourism at the destination107 6.2 Guidelines for sustainable tourism in protected areas109 7 The future of sustainable tourism113 7.1 Towards a general concept of sustainable tourism113 7.2 "Sustainable mass tourism"?116 8 References119 9 Acknowledgements125 10 Index127

Fischer, AntonProf. Dr. Anton Fischer lehrt im Bereich Geobotanik an der TU München.