Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science

Heavy-Ion-Induced Reactions
2.4. Experimental Techniques
3. Nuclear Masses and Stability
3.1. General
3.2. Experimental Masses of Proton-Rich Light Nuclei
3.3. Mass Predictions
3.4. Proton Drip-Line Below A= 60
4. Decay Modes of Proton-Rich Nuclei
4.1. ? Decay Far From Stability
4.2. ?-Delayed Particle Decay
4.3. ?-Delayed Two-Proton Emission
4.4. Search for New Nuclides via ?-Delayed Two-Proton Decay
4.5. Proton Radioactivity
4.6. Two-Proton Radioactivity
5. Recent Spectroscopy Above Z = 22
5.1. The Spectroscopy of TZ = ?œ Nuclei
5.2. Toward the Spectroscopy of TZ ? ? 1 Nuclei
- References
4. Very Neutron Rich Very Light Nucle
1. The Neutron Drip-Line
1.1. The N-Z Diagram
1.2. Physical Grounds for the Possible Existence of Neutron Nuclei
1.3. Structure of the Neutron-Stability Line
1.4. Light Neutron-Rich Nuclei at the Stability Line
2. Nuclear Reactions with Formation of Neutron-Rich Isotopes of the Lightest Elements
2.1. Deep-Inelastic Transfer Reactions
2.2. Reactions with Heavy Ions Accompanied by Emission of Fast Particles and Nuclei
2.3. Ternary Nuclear Fission
2.4. Target Fragmentation Reactions
2.5. Projectile Fragmentation Reactions
2.6. Observation of Neutron-Unstable Nuclei
2.7. Charge-Exchange Reactions
2.8. Light Nuclear Rearrangement Reactions
2.9. Coulomb Shock Reactions
3. Methods of Measurement and Identification of Neutron-Rich Light Nuclei
3.1. Mass Spectrometers and Magnetic Analyzers "On-Line" with Heavy-Ion Accelerators
3.2. Systems of ?E-E Detectors
3.3. Time-of-Flight Measurements
3.4. Detection of Nuclei Consisting Only of Neutrons
4. Systematics of Neutron-Rich Isotopes of the Lightest Elements
4.1. The N-Z Diagram in the Lightest Nuclear Region
4.2. Types of Nuclear Instability
4.3. Prediction of the Masses of the Lightest Nuclei
4.4. Multineutrons
4.5. Superheavy Isotopes of Hydrogen
4.6. Neutron-Rich Isotopes of Helium
4.7. Neutron-Rich Isotopes of Lithium
4.8. Neutron-Rich Isotopes of Beryllium
5. Some Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei
5.1. Stability of the Lightest Nuclei as a Function of Neutron Excess
5.2. Helium Anomaly
5.3. Dimensions of Neutron-Rich Nuclei
5.4. Decay Widths of the Lightest Neutron-Rich Nuclei
5.5. Nuclear Systems with Even Numbers of Neutrons
5.6. Spectroscopy of Nuclei at the Stability Line
5.7. Two-Nucleon Decays
5.8. Delayed Decays
6. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
5. On-Line Mass Separators
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition
1.2. The On-Line Isotope Separator Concept
1.3. From the First Mass Separation to Today's Instruments
2. Production of Nuclei Far From Stability
2.1. Nuclear Reactions
2.2. Thermal Neutrons
2.3. Light Particles with Relativistic Energies
2.4. Heavy Ions
2.5. Status of Beams Available
3. Targets for On-Line Mass Separators
3.1. Release Kinetics of Nuclear Reaction Products from the Bulk Target Material
3.2. Containment of High-Temperature Target Materials
4. Ion Sources for On-Line Mass Separators
4.1. Performance Criteria
4.2. Surface Ionization Sources
4.3. High-Temperature Cavity Ion Sources
4.4. Hot Cathode Arc-Discharge Ion Sources
4.5. Electron Cyclotron Resonance Sources
4.6. Laser Resonance Photoionization Sources
5. On-Line Mass-Separator Systems
5.1. General Properties of Separators
5.2. Mass Spectrometers
5.3. Low-Current Isotope Separators
5.4. Medium-Current Isotope Separators
6. Concluding Remarks
- References
6. On the Possible Use of Secondary Radioactive Beams
1. Introduction
1.1. Why and What
1.2. Radioactive Beams or Radioactive Targets?
2. Production of Beams of Radioactive Nuclei
2.1. General Considerations
2.2. Use of High-Energy Proton Reactions
2.3. Use of Low-Energy Heavy-Ion Reactions
2.4. Use of Intermediate-Energy and High-Energy Heavy-Ion Reactions
2.5. Storage Rings
3. Possible Use of Radioactive Beams
3.1. Properties of Exotic Nuclei
3.2. Nuclear Reactions with Radioactive Beams
4. Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
7. Nuclear Radii and Moments of Unstable Isotopes
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Isotope Shift and Hyperfine Structure in Atomic Spectra
2.1. The Isotope Shift
2.2. Atomic Hyperfine Structure
3. Methods of Atomic Spectroscopy Far Off Stability
3.1. Early and Nonoptical Experiments Off Stability
3.2. Radioactive Detection of Optical Pumping (RADOP)
3.3. Principles of Laser Spectroscopy
3.4. Laser-Excited Fluorescence in Resonance Cells
3.5. Laser Spectroscopy on Collimated Atomic Beams
3.6. Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RIS)
3.7. Collinear Laser Spectroscopy
3.8. Summary of Experiment
4. Discussion of Nuclear Moments and Radii in Extended Chains of Isotopes
4.1. Spins and Moments
4.2. Decomposition of ms Charge Radii into Volume and Shape Effect
4.3. The Two-Parameter Model for ?(r2) and its Relation to other Collective Observables and Gross Properties
4.4. Effects of Nuclear Core Polarization on the Optical Isotope Shift
4.5. The Exemplary Region of Rare Earths and its Neighborhood
4.6. The Rb Region
4.7. The Mercury Region and the Problem of Shape Coexistence in Near-Closed Shells
4.8. Parabolic Isotope Shifts and the Question of Large Core Polarization in Regions of Closed Proton Shells
4.9. Isotope Shifts in Very Light Nuclei
4.10. Isotone and Isobar Shifts and the Question of a Neutron Skin
4.11. Differential Isotope Shifts, Subshell Effects, and Odd-Even Staggering
4.12. Evidence for Octupole Shapes in the Ra Region
5. Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgments
- References
8. Cluster Radioactivities
2. Nuclear Stability
2.1. Metastability
2.2. Shell Model Valleys in the Potential-Energy Surfaces. Mass Distributions. Fragmentation Theory
2.3 Barrier Penetrability and Half-Life
3. Deformation Energies for Binary Systems with Charge Asymmetry Different from the Mass Asymmetry
3.1. Liquid Drop Model Surface Energy
3.2. Coulomb Energy for Various Macroscopic Models
3.3. Surface Energy within a Finite Range of Nuclear Forces Model
3.4. Yukawa + Exponential Model Surface Energy
3.5. Volume Energy
4. Computation of the Deformation-Dependent Terms of the Potential Energy
4.1. Reducing the Order of Integration for General Shapes
4.2. Davies-Sierk Method for the Coulomb Energy of Axially Symmetric Nuclei
4.3. Surface Energies
5. ?-Particle Decay as a Fissionlike Process
5.1. Nuclear Shape Parametrization
5.2. Variation of the Charge Density
5.3. Fission Q values
5.4. Shell Corrections and Barrier Shape
5.5. ?-Decay Lifetime of Heavy and Superheavy Nuclei
5.6. Transitions between Deformed Ground States and Fission Isomers in ?-Particle Decay
5.7. Time-Dependent Hartree-Fock Study of ? Decay
5.8. Semiempirical Formulas for ?-Particle Decay Half-Lives
6. Analytical Superasymmetric Fission Models
6.1. Parabolic Approximation of the Interaction Potential Containing a Centrifugal Term
6.2. Closed Formula for the Lifetime
6.3. Even-Odd Effect in 14C Radioactivity
6.4. Branching Ratios Relative to ?-Particle Decay Estimated Using a Proximity plus Coulomb Potential
7. New Decay Modes Involving Spontaneous Emission of Heavy Nuclei
7.1. Parent Nuclides with Atomic Number Smaller than 84: Decay of "Stable" trans-Zirconium Nuclides
7.2. Lifetimes of trans-Lead Nuclei
7.3. Branching Ratios Relative to ? Decay
7.4. 5He and 8Be Radioactivities
7.5. Sn Radioactivity
7.6. Experimental Evidence
8. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References