Gender and Crime in Modern Europe (PDF)
(Sprache: Englisch)
This work explores the construction of gender norms and examines how they have been reflected and reinforced by legal institutional practices in Europe. taking a gendered approach, criminal prosecution and punishment are discussed in relation to the victims...
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This work explores the construction of gender norms and examines how they have been reflected and reinforced by legal institutional practices in Europe. taking a gendered approach, criminal prosecution and punishment are discussed in relation to the victims and perpretrators. This volume investigates various representations of femininity by assessing female experiences including wife-beating, divorce, abortion, prostitution, property crime and embezzlement at the work place. In addition, issues such as neglect, sexual abuse and the "invention" of the juvenile offender are analyzed.
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6 Workplace appropriation and the gendering of factory "law": West Yorkshire, 1840801 (p. 137-138)Barry Godfrey
Taking our Mills, generally . . . a female who has no value for reputation or character, is already a lost woman. So precious, is the preservation of female purity, that a single error herein is a blemish for life.
Reverend William Scoresby,
A sermon preached to the Bradford female factory operatives, 18462
Men constitute the overwhelming majority of those prosecuted for property offences. Both historical and modern studies have found large disparities in the rates of males and females prosecuted both in England3 and Continental Europe.4 It has been suggested that similar "gender distinctions were woven into the fabric of industrial capitalism"5 when textile workers were gathered together in vast centralized work areas in the mid-nineteenth century. These differences were evident in the gender segregated occupations, supervisory structure, and unequal wage rates in the factory system, and are equally prevalent in the statistics of workplace appropriation.6
The surviving petty sessions records for the West Riding of Yorkshire show that few women were prosecuted for appropriation in the minor courts. Similarly, the records of the Worsted Committee and their Inspectorate (a private policing and prosecution agency established for the benefit of textile manufacturers) show that only 15 per cent7 of those prosecuted between 1844 and 1876 were women.8 West Riding quarter sessions tell a similar tale. In those records only 6.8 per cent of those tried for appropriation were female.9 Although studies of eighteenth-century criminality have shown women property offenders to be a much smaller group than men,10 the proportion of female to male workplace appropriators in this later period is extraordinarily low, even by these standards.
Fortunately, some explanation for these figures can be found in the West Riding quarter
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sessions depositions, local newspapers and the records of the Worsted Committee, which together form a rich and textured source of information for the period when factory production had become the dominant form of manufacturing in West Yorkshire. This article will suggest that this disparity in prosecution figures for male and female workers can be explained in three ways. First, women were less inclined to commit acts of "theft" within their workplace; secondly, the barriers placed against workplace appropriation were particularly effective against women; and lastly, ideological constructions of femininity, reinforced by legal doctrine in the form of feme covert, combined to depress the numbers of women workers forwarded to the courts for prosecution.
First, however, we must dismiss the most obvious explanation for the differential prosecution statistics of workplace appropriation: that there was a simple imbalance in the proportions of men and women who toiled in the West Riding textile industries. Female labour was consistently important to textile employers throughout the nineteenth century. For the larger factory masters, women represented a cheaper and more docile workforce than men, and were to be employed as machine minders whenever possible. For the smaller masters, who lacked capital resources, a female workforce was often the only means of competing with large fully mechanized concerns.
In the main geographical focus of this study, Bradford, women constituted 73.7 per cent of the worsted factory workforce. A similar figure was recorded in Bradfords woollen factories, which had replaced their predominantly male workforce with a predominantly female workforce between 1830 and 1850.11 The prosecution figures are almost inversely proportional to the gender structure of the factory.
First, however, we must dismiss the most obvious explanation for the differential prosecution statistics of workplace appropriation: that there was a simple imbalance in the proportions of men and women who toiled in the West Riding textile industries. Female labour was consistently important to textile employers throughout the nineteenth century. For the larger factory masters, women represented a cheaper and more docile workforce than men, and were to be employed as machine minders whenever possible. For the smaller masters, who lacked capital resources, a female workforce was often the only means of competing with large fully mechanized concerns.
In the main geographical focus of this study, Bradford, women constituted 73.7 per cent of the worsted factory workforce. A similar figure was recorded in Bradfords woollen factories, which had replaced their predominantly male workforce with a predominantly female workforce between 1830 and 1850.11 The prosecution figures are almost inversely proportional to the gender structure of the factory.
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Englisch
- Herausgegeben: Cornelie Usborne, Meg Arnot
- Verlag: Taylor & Francis Group Plc
- ISBN-10: 0203173546
- ISBN-13: 9780203173541
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