Avian Influenza

Contents
Preface
Introduction and spread of avian influenza
1. Avian influenza viruses and influenza in humans 1
D.J. Alexander (UK), I. Capua (Italy) and I.H. Brown (UK)
2. Avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong: zoonotic considerations 9
K.F. Shortridge (China)
3. Live-bird markets in the Northeastern United States: a source of
avian influenza in commercial poultry
19
D.A. Senne, J.C. Pedersen and B. Panigrahy (USA)
4. Influenza A virus surveillance in wild birds 25
V. Munster (The Netherlands), A. Wallensten (Sweden), B. Olsen
(Sweden), G.F. Rimmelzwaan (The Netherlands),
A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (The Netherlands) and R.A.M. Fouchier
(The Netherlands)
Outbreaks in densely populated poultry areas
5. The control of avian influenza in areas at risk: the Italian
experience 1997-2003
33
S. Marangon, I. Capua, E. Rossi, N. Ferre', M. Dalla Pozza,
L. Bonfanti and A. Mannelli (Italy)
6. An overview of the 2002 outbreak of low-pathogenic H7N2 avian
influenza in Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina
41
D.A. Senne, T.J. Holt and B.L. Akey (USA)
7. Effectiveness of control measures on the transmission of avian
influenza virus (H7N7) between flocks
49
J.A. Stegeman, A. Bouma, A.R.W. Elbers, M. van Boven,
M.C.M. de Jong and G. Koch (The Netherlands)
Vaccination
8. Currently available tools and strategies for emergency
vaccination in case of avian influenza
59
I. Capua and S. Marangon (Italy)
9. Evaluation of vaccination to support control of H5N1 avian
influenza in Hong Kong
75
T.M. Ellis, L.D. Sims, H.K.H. Wong, L.A. Bissett, K.C. Dyrting,
K.W. Chow and C.W. Wong (Hong Kong)
10. Vaccination of poultry against avian influenza: epidemiological
rules of thumb and experimental quantification of the
effectiveness of vaccination
85
M. van Boven, J. van der Goot, A.R.W. Elbers, G. Koch, G. Nodelijk,
M.C.M. de Jong, T.S. de Vries, A. Bouma and J.A. Stegeman
(The Netherlands)
11. The development of avian influenza vaccines for emergency use