Basic Gas Chromatography

Preface to the Third Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 A Brief History 1 Definitions 3 Overview: Advantages and Disadvantages 9 Instrumentation and Columns 12 References 14 2 Basic Concepts and Terms 15 Definitions, Terms, and Symbols 15 The Rate Theory 25 The Achievement of Separation 34 References 35 3 Instrument Overview 37 Carrier Gas 38 Flow Control and Measurement 39 Sample Inlets and Sampling Devices 42 Capillary Columns 46 Temperature Zones 47 Detectors 49 Data Systems 50 Reference 50 4 Capillary Columns 51 Types of Capillary Columns 51 Capillary Column Tubing 54 Advantages of Capillary Columns 55 Column Selection 57 Column Quality Testing: The Grob Test Mix 65 Special Troubleshooting Considerations for Capillary Columns 66 Guidelines for Selecting Capillary Columns 67 References 68 5 Stationary Phases 69 Selecting a Column 69 Common and Important Stationary Phases 81 Other Common Stationary Phases 83 References 86 6 Temperature Programming 87 Advantages and Disadvantages of TPGC 89 Requirements for TPGC 90 Example Temperature Programmed Chromatograms 91 Special Topics 96 References 98 7 Inlets 99 Inlet Fundamentals 99 Split Inlet 101 Splitless Inlet 104 On-Column Inlet 106 Programmed Temperature Vaporizer (PTV) 107 Related Topics 108 References 111 8 Classical Detectors: FID, TCD, and ECD 113 Classification of Detectors 115 Common Detector Characteristics 117 Flame Ionization Detector (FID) 124 Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) 128 Electron Capture Detector (ECD) 131 Other Detectors 134 References 136 9 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 139 Qualitative Analysis 139 Quantitative Analysis 145 Statistics of Quantitative Calculations 145 Quantitative Analysis Methods 148 Summary 154 References 154 10 GC-MS and Spectrometric Detectors 157 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 158 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) 171 Gas

HAROLD M. MCNAIR, PHD, is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Virginia Tech, and is known internationally as a leading researcher and educator in the field of gas chromatography.

JAMES M. MILLER, PHD, is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Drew University, where he taught for 36 years.

NICHOLAS H. SNOW, PHD, is Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Seton Hall University. He is widely published in gas chromatography and has been teaching GC to new students for over 30 years.