Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products / Progrès Dans La Chimie Des Substances Organiques Naturelles

glycerides in the laboratory.- References.- Enzymatically Synthesized Polysaccharides and Disaccharides.- Formation of starch and glycogen through the phosphorolytic condensation.- Conditions affecting polysaccharide formation.- Synthetic polysaccharides.- Arsenolysis and phosphorolysis of amylose and amylopectine.- Phosphorylase.- The mechanism of dextran and levan formation.- Mechanism of sucrose formation.- Specificity of sucrose phosphorylase.- D-glucosido-D-xyloketoside, D-glucosido-L-araboketoside and D-glucosido-L-sorboside.- ?-D-glucosido-L-arabinose.- Formation of sucrose and other disaccharides through exchange of glycosidic linkages.- References.- Recent Developments in the Structural Problem of Cellulose.- I. The linear structure of cellulose.- Critical review of the proofs supporting the linear structure of cellulose.- 1. Nature and uniformity of the building units.- 2. Location and number of the free hydroxyl groups.- 3. The chemical proof of the constitution of cellulose.- 4. The polarimetric proof of the constitution of cellulose.- 5. The kinetic proof of the constitution of cellulose.- 6. The static proof of the constitution of cellulose.- 7. The X-ray pattern of cellulose.- Molecular weight determination of cellulose.- A. Chemical methods.- B. Physical methods.- Oxycellulose.- Hydrocellulose.- Conclusions regarding the linear structure of cellulose.- II. The laminated chain structure of cellulose.- Theory of ester linkages.- Theory of blocked hydroxyl groups.- Theory of looping bonds.- Theory of acid-sensitive bonds and the principle of periodicity.- Theory of acetal linkages in equi-distant open-chain units and the laminated chain structure of cellulose.- A. Heterogeneous and homogeneous degradation of cellulose in acidic media.- B. The concept of "limit hydrocellulose".- C. Proposed structure of cellulose.- References.- Lignin.- I. Occurrence, formation and detection.- The state of lignin in wood.- Lignin-complexes in wood.- Formation, detection and estimation of lignin.- II. Isolation of lignin.- III. Properties and conversions of lignin.- Physical properties.- Various conversions.- Vanillin from lignin.- Oxidation, reduction and halogenation.- Nitration.- Sulfonation.- Ethanolysis of wood and lignin.- Hydrogenation.- Experiments on the synthesis of lignin and similar products.- Decomposition.- IV. The structure of lignin.- Erdtman's concept of the lignin structure.- Freudenberg's concept of the lignin structure.- Hibbert's concept of the lignin structure.- Conclusions.- References.- The Chemistry of the Constituents of Toad Venoms.- I. The bufagins.- Main representatives of the bufotalin class.- Bufotalin.- Marinobufagin.- Gamabufagin (gamabufotalin, gamabufogenin).- Cinobufagin.- Cinobufotalin, Bufalin.- Pseudo-desacetyl-bufotalin.- Pharmacology of the bufagins.- II. Bufotoxins.- Main representatives of the bufotoxin class.- Bufotoxin.- Arenobufotoxin.- Gamabufotoxin.- Marinobufotoxin.- Pharmacology of the bufotoxins.- III. Basic constituents of toad venoms.- Bufotenine.- Pharmacology of bufotenine.- Bufotenidine.- Pharmacology of bufotenidine.- Bufothionine.- Dehydro-bufotenine.- Pharmacology of dehydro-bufotenine.- L-Adrenaline.- IV. Sterols.- V. Suberic acid.- References.- Biochemistry of Fish Proteins.- Composition of fish muscle protein.- Amino acid content of fish muscle protein.- Nutritive value of fish protein.- Feeding experiments.- Evaluation of results.- Fish blood proteins.- Fish collagens.- Fish proteins with enzymatic activity.- Proteins isolated from fish sperm.- Pharmacological effects of some histones and protamins.- Proteins isolated from female reproductive organs of fish.- References.- Some Recent Developments in Chemical Genetics.- Classical genetics.- Chemical genetics.- Phenylalanine metabolism.- Antigen specificity.- Hemophilia.- Gene-directed specific reactions in other organisms.- Neurospora.- Nature and action of genes.- Gene mutation.- Universality of genes.- Cytoplasmic factors.- Genes and evolution.- Conclusions.- References.- Infrared Spectroscopy in Structure Determination and its Application to Penicillin.- I. Experimental methods.- 1. Instruments.- 2. The transmission curve.- 3. Absorption cells for vapor and liquid samples.- 4. Solid samples.- II. Interpretation of infrared spectra.- 1. General.- 2. Group vibrations and frequencies.- 3. Vibrational frequency assignments.- 4. Comparison of infrared and Raman spectra.- III. General features of infrared spectra of organic compounds.- 1. Paraffin hydrocarbons.- 2. Cycloparaffins.- 3. Olefins; bands associated with the carbon-carbon double bond.- 4. Conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds.- 5. Alkyl-benzenes; bands of aromatic ring systems.- 6. Acetylenes.- 7. Alkyl halides; the carbon-chlorine stretching band.- 8. Alcohols, phenols and ethers.- 9. Amines, mercaptans and sulfides.- 10. Carbonyl compounds.- a) Aldehydes.- b) Ketones.- c) Carboxylic esters.- d) Carboxylic acids.- e) Salts of carboxylic acids.- f) Acid halides.- g) Acid anhydrides.- h) Amides of carboxylic acids.- 11. Carbonic acid derivatives.- 12. Compounds containing carbon-nitrogen double bonds.- 13. Nitriles.- 14. Nitro compounds.- 15. Sulfones and sulfonates.- 16. More complicated structures.- IV. Applications to structure determinations.- Penicillin.- V. Conclusion.- References.- Namenverzeichnis. Index of Names. Index des Auteurs.- Sachverzeichnis. Index of Subjects. Index des Matières.