Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children IV

Introduction
- Toxins and clinical relevance
- Snakebite
- Jellyfish stings
- Spider bites
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Current Status of Group A Streptococcal Vaccine Development
- James B. Dale
- Introduction
- Burden of Disease Caused by GAS Infections
- Current Strategies for Vaccine Development
- Rationale for M Protein-Based GAS Vaccines
- Preclinical Evaluation of a 26-Valent M Protein-Based Vaccine
- Clinical Experience with the 26-Valent GAS Vaccine
- Development of Vaccines Designed to Prevent Rheumatic Fever
- Summary and Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- New Aspects on Diagnosis and Transmission of Hepatitis B in Paediatric Patients and Pregnant Women
- Robert A. de Man, Annemiek van der Eijck and Irene Veldhuijzen
- Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B and the paediatric patient
- Infectivity of body fluids
- Implications for the paediatric patient
- Chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy
- References
- Pertussis Immunisation in Adolescents and Adults
- Ulrich Heininger
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- 2.1 Incidence of pertussis disease compared to B. pertussis
- infections in adolescents and adults
- 2.2 Adolescents and adults as the source for pertussis in infants
- Disease
- Diagnosis.-Treatment
- Prevention by Immunisation
- Successful Childhood Programmes
- Expanding Programmes Beyond Childhood
- Summary
- References
- 8. Trachoma: Revent Developments
- David Mabey
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Trachoma assessment
- Clinical signs and C. trachomatis infection
- Pathogenesis of Trachoma
- The SAFE strategy
- Surgery
- Antibiotic
- References
- 9. Gonococcal Infections in Newborns and in Adolescents
- Noni MacDonald, Tim Mailman, Shalini Desai
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Microbe
- 3. Gonococcal Infection in Newborns
- 4. Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum
- 5. Neonatal Gonococcal Scalp Abscess and Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
- 6. Diagnosis of Neonatal Gonococcal Infections
- 7. Treatment of Neonatal Gonococcal Infections
- 8. Prevention of Neonatal Gonococcal Infection
- 9. Gonococcal Infection in Adolescents
- 10. Why are Adolescents STI Rates so high?
- 11. Partners, Condom Use and Sexual Networks
- 12. Clinical Presentations of Gonococcal Infection in Adolescents
- 13. Diagnosis Testing for N gonorrhoea Infections in Adolescents
- 14. Treatment pf Adolescent Gonococcal Infections
- 15. Prevention of Gonococcal Infections in Adolescents
- 16. Summary
- References
- 10. Management of Severe Dengue in Children
- Christopher Moxon and Bridget Wills
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Clinical features of severe dengue infection in children
- 3. Pathogenesis
- 4. Management - theoretical considerations
- 5. Management - practical guidelines
- 5.1 Fluid resuscitation
- 5.2 Management of bleeding
- 6. Summary/Conclusion
- References
- 11. Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: Who should get them and why?
- Stephane Paulus and Simon Dobson
- 1. Introduction
- 2. HPV epidemiology
- 3. Cervical cancer epidemiology
- 4. Age of sexual debut
- 5. Education/school leaving
- 6. HPV vaccines: nature and characteristics of immunising agent
- 7. Vaccine Safety
- 8. HPV vaccine implementation
- References
- 12. Antimicrobial Resistance Among Enteric Pathogens
- Larry K. Pickering
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Advantages of antimicrobial therapy
- 3. Limitations and challenges of antimicrobial therapy
- 4. Reasons for mechanisms of resistance
- 5. Resistance patterns of enteric pathogens
- 5.1 Campylobacter jejuni/coli
- 5.2 Shigella species
- 5.3 Salmonella species
- 6. Effect of resistance on clinical manifestations and treatment options
- 7. Future directions
- References
- 13. What the paediatrician needs to know when pandemic influenza arrives in clinical practice
- Nicole Ritz and Nigel Curtis
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 The media outbreak
- 2. The impact of pandemic influenza
- 2.1 How many people will be affected?
- 2.2 How fast will pandemic influenza spread?
- 2.3 Is human-to-human transmission likely to occur?
- 3. Diagnosis and clinical features of H5N1 avian influenza
- 3.1 Differences between pandemic influenza and seasonal influenza
- 3.2 Clinical features
- 3.2.1 Clinical features at presentation
- 3.2.2 Presentation with delayed respiratory features
- 3.2.3 Complications
- 3.3 Radiology
- 3.4 Laboratory features
- 3.4.1 Routine investigations
- 3.4.2 Laboratory confirmation
- 4. The treatment of H5N1 avian influenza
- 4.1 Adamantanes (M2 blockers)
- 4.2 Neuraminidase inhibitors
- 4.2.1 Mechanism of action
- 4.2.2 Administration
- 4.2.3 Formulations
- 4.2.4 Effectiveness
- 4.2.5 Adverse effects
- 4.2.6 Dosing in children
- 4.3 Resistance to anti-influenza drugs
- 4.4 Prophylaxis
- 4.5 Who should be treated?
- 4.6 Additional and other treatments
- 4.7 Personal stockpiling of antiviral drugs
- 5. Limiting the spread of influenza during a pandemic
- 6. The prevention of pandemic influenza
- 7. Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 14. Lyme Disease
- Eugene D. Shapiro
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Etiology and Epidemiology
- 2. Clinical Manifestations
- 3. Diagnosis
- 4. Treatment
- 5. "Chronic" Lyme Disease
- 6. Congenital Lyme Disease
- 7. Prevention of Lime Disease
- 8. Lyme Hysteria
- 9. Summary
- References
- 15. Management of Myocarditis in Children: the current situation
- Brigitte Stiller
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Viral Myocarditis: three different phases
- 2.1 Phase 1: Viral Infection
- 2.2 Phase 2: Autoimmune Injury
- 2.2.1 T cells
- 2.2.2 Cytokines
- 2.3 Phase 3: Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- 3. Diagnosis and Treatment of the Different Phases: Current Recommendations
- Phase 1: Diagnosis and Treatment in Viral Replication
- Phase 2: Diagnosis and Treatment during Autoimmune Activation
- Phase 3: Diagnosis and Treatment during Dilative Cardiomyopathy
- 4. Clinicopathological Subtypes of Myocarditis
- 4.1 Fulminant myocarditis
- 4.2 Acute myocarditis
- 4.3 Chronic active myocarditis
- 4.4 Chronic persistent myocarditis
- 5. Therapeutic Strategies for Paediatric heart Failure and Haemodynamic Instability
- 6. Conclusions
- References
- 16. Therapy of Herpes Virus Infections in Children
- Richard J. Whitley
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
- 3. Activiral Therapy of neonatal HSV Infection
- 3.1 Mortality
- 3.2 Morbidity
- 3.2.1 Disseminated and CNS Neonatal HSV Disease
- 3.2.2 Skin Eye and Mouth Disease
- 3.2.3 Summary
- 4. Herpes Simplex Encaphalitis
- 4.1 Treatment
- 5. Varicella Zoster Virus
- 5.1 Treatment of Varicella in the Immunocompetent Host
- 5.2 Treatment of Varicella in the Immunocompromise Host
- 5.3 Valacyclovir and Famciclovir
- 5.4 Resistant Varicella Zoster Virus Infections
- 6. Cytomegalovirus
- 6.1 Diagnosis
- 6.2 Treatment
- 7. Summary
- References