Integrated Clinical Orthodontics

occasionally 74 Supernumerary teeth and hypodontia (oligodontia) 77 Syndromic hypodontia 80 Supernumerary teeth or hypodontia (oligodontia) and cancer 81 Failure of dental eruption 82 Soft and hard tissue asymmetry 83 Maxillary hypoplasia 84 Functional (neoromuscular) asymmetry 86 Mandibular retrognathism 86 Connective tissue dysplasia 87 Cleft lip and cleft palate 90 Additional resources 91 References 91 Part II The Growing Patient 97 Chapter 5 Endocrinological Conditions and Orthodontic Treatment 99 Athina Chatzigianni Growth hormone disorders 99 Thyroid disease 101 Parathyroid gland disorders 103 Primary adrenal insufficiency 104 Fibrous dysplasia 104 Diabetes mellitus 105 Sex- specific endocrine disorders 106 Exogenous hormone administration 107 Conclusions 108 References 108 Chapter 6 Nutrition in Orthodontic Practice 111 Nadine Tassabehji and Jillian Kaye The importance of diet and nutrition in oral health 111 Dietary habits 113 Nutrition and oral health 119 Orthodontic guide to performing nutrition risk assessments 124 Conclusion 126 References 127 Chapter 7 Cleft Lip and Palate: Role of the Orthodontist in the Interdisciplinary Management Team 128 Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman and Mette A.R. Kuijpers Interdisciplinary team care 129 Members of the cleft lip and palate team and their roles 129 Orthodontic management 133 Conclusion 146 References 146 Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Management of Craniofacial Malformations 150 Latha P. Rao, Maria J. Kuriakose, and Sherry Peter General principles in the diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations 151 Otofacial malformations 157 Craniosynostosis 169 Conclusion 175 References 175 Part III Enhancing the Envelope of Orthodontic Care: The Medical Collaboration 179 Chapter 9 What Can Orthodontists Learn from Orthopedists Engaged in Basic Research? 181 Carlalberta Verna and Birte Melsen A common language 181 Bone adaptation to mechanical deformation and orthodontic tooth movement 189 Bone reaction to skeletal anchorage 190 Conclusion 192 References 193 Chapter 10 Acute and Chronic Infections Affecting the Oral Cavity: Orthodontic Implications 195 Vinod Krishnan, Gunnar Dahlén, Ambili Renjithkumar, and Ze'ev Davidovitch Bacterial infections 196 Viral infections 206 Fungal infections 213 Parasitic infections 218 The oral cavity as a source for focal infections 219 Conclusions 221 References 221 Chapter 11 Unveiling and Managing Upper Airway Problems in the Orthodontic Patient 225 Mimi Yow, Huiting Lynn Koh, and Shaun Loh The spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing 225 Decoding obstructive sleep apnea 226 Respiration: Effect of anatomy and sleep 228 The child with sleep-disordered breathing 229 The adult with sleep-disordered breathing 233 Cephalometrics and imaging 236 Orthodontic management 236 Surgical management 238 Conclusion 239 Acknowledgments 243 References 243 Chapter 12 Interaction between the Orthodontist and Medical Airway Specialists on Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Disturbances 248 Joseph G. Ghafari and Anthony T. Macari The mouth in relation to the nasopharyngeal airway: Anatomy overview 248 Common sources of airway dysfunction 250 Nonrespiratory areas of interaction with ENT specialists 261 State of interaction between orthodontists and medical airway specialists 269 References 269 Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Diseases and the Orthodontist 272 Gregory S. Antonarakis and Stavros Kiliaridis Myotonic dystrophy 273 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 281 Other neuromuscular diseases 285 Conclusions 288 References 289 Chapter 14 Orthodontics for Children with Disabilities 291 Stella Chaushu, Yossi Shapira, and Adrian Becker Therapeutic access 291 Pretreatment visits, patient assessment, and future management 292 Orthodontic records 294 Overall treatment plan 294 Relapse and retention 297 Case descriptions 298 Conclusion 308 References 308 Chapter 15 Orthodontic Care in the Adult Medically Compromised Patient 310 Ashok Kumar Jena and Jitendra Sharan Cardiovascular disorders 311 Endocrine disorders 312 Infectious diseases 313 Skeletal system problems 315 Gastrointestinal disorders 316 Respiratory system problems 316 Nervous system disorders 317 Renal disorders 318 Allergy reactions 319 Conclusion 320 References 321 Part IV Orthodontics and Other Dental Specialties 323 Chapter 16 Comprehensive Periodontal Evaluation of the Orthodontic Patient: The Role of a Periodontist in Orthodontic Practice 325 Giovanni E. Salvi, Andrea Roccuzzo, and Dimitrios Kloukos Pathological tooth migration 325 Treatment plan 326 Goals of periodontal therapy 327 Comprehensive periodontal examination 327 Case presentations 328 Acknowledgments 342 References 344 Chapter 17 The Restorative Dentist and Orthodontist: Orthodontic Implications of Dental Caries, Tooth Fracture, Exposed Dental Pulp, and Esthetic Improvements 345 Neslihan Arhun, Ayca Arman- Özç1rp1c1, Sevi Burçak Çehreli, Kamran Gülsah1i, and Ömur Polat Özsoy Pretreatment evaluation and early stages of the orthodontic treatment 346 Interactive collaboration during orthodontic treatment 356 Emergency orthodontic treatment in trauma cases 370 Immediate postorthodontic period 382 Esthetic improvements 384 Conclusion 396 References 398 Chapter 18 Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry: Two Specialties, One Goal 411 Elliott M. Moskowitz, George J. Cisneros, and Mark S. Hochberg Coordinating orthodontic and pediatric dental appointments in a group or solo practitioner setting 412 Identifying orthodontic and pediatric dental problems earlier rather than later 414 Restoring form and function: Revisiting the unilateral posterior crossbite with a functional mandibular shift 416 Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: Who does what, when, and how? 419 Retention considerations and beyond 423 Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment: Who takes responsibility for prevention? 425 Conclusions 426 References 426 Chapter 19 Optimizing Prosthodontic Care with Orthodontic Mechanotherapeutics 427 Hayam Alfallaj, Ruba Alkadhi, Samah Alfuriji, Fathima F. Farook, and Abdulaziz Alzaid Pre-prosthodontic management of intraarch spaces 428 Pre-prosthodontic management of interarch spaces 435 Correction of ridge deformity though orthodontic tooth movement 443 Restorative treatment before orthodontics (means for tooth movement) 444 Conclusion 445 References 445 Chapter 20 Integrated Management of the Orthognathic Patient 447 Noura M. AlOtaibi, Philip C.M. Benington, and Ashraf F. Ayoub Multidisciplinary Team 447 Systematic approach 448 Orthognathic surgery 488 Stability and relapse 489 Follow-up 490 Digital innovations in orthognathic surgery 490 Conclusion 490 References 491 Chapter 21 The Role of the Orthodontist in Managing Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint 493 Ambra Michelotti, Mauro Farella, and Roberto Rongo Why should orthodontists deal with the temporomandibular joint? 493 Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 494 Should orthodontists care about condylar position? 494 Temporomandibular joint disorders 496 Joint pain: Arthralgia 496 Disc disorders 502 Occlusal changes due to temporomandibular disorders 504 Congenital/developmental disorders 506 Conclusion 510 References 510 Part V The Biomedical Orthodontist 515 Chapter 22 The Role of Biomedical Engineers in the Design and Manufacture of Orthodontic Appliances 517 William A. Brantley and Theodore Eliades Past research activities 517 Current research activities and potential future applications 524 Conclusions 528 References 528 Chapter 23 Designing and Manufacturing Customized Orthodontic Appliances 531 Nearchos C. Panayi Orthodontic imaging and analysis software 532 Surface and volume scanning 532 Orthodontic computer- aided design software 532 Three-dimensional manufacturing 533 Customized orthodontic appliances 533 Clear aligners 534 Selective laser sintering and metallic orthodontic appliances 536 Customized orthodontic brackets 536 Conclusion 539 References 540 Chapter 24 Regenerative Medicine in Orthodontic Therapy 541 Nina Kaukua, Kaj Fried, and Jeremy J. Mao Principles of tissue regeneration 543 Stem cell basics 543 Impact of regenerative medicine in dentistry and orthodontics 556 Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics as clinical motivation for tissue engineering 560 Conclusion 561 Acknowledgments 561 References 561 Chapter 25 Artificial Intelligence and Orthodontic Practice: The Future Unveiled 565 Mohammed H. Elnagar, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Min Kyeong Lee, and Veerasathpurush Allareddy Applications of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontics 566 Artificial intelligence-driven remote monitoring 570 Blockchain technology in healthcare 571 Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence 573 References 573 Chapter 26 The Seven Pillars of Professionalism 576 Peter M. Greco The Seven Wonders of the World 576 The concept of professionalism 577 The seven pillars of professionalism 577 Our public image of professionalism 582 Now, what about those Seven Wonders of the World: Where are they now? 583 References 583 Index 584