Ionic Polymerization and Living Polymers

1. Introduction.- 1. Comparison of Ionic and Radical Polymerizations.- 2. Developments of Ionic Polymerization.- 3. Living and Dormant Polymers.- 4. Polymerizability and the Monomer-Living Polymer Equilibria.- 2. Ionic Species.- 1. Formation of Ions.- 2. Ionophores and Ionogens, Ion-Pairs, and Covalent Species.- 3. Free Ions and Ion-Pairs.- 4. Different Types of Ion-Pairs.- 5. Equilibria Between Free Ions and Ion-Pairs: Conductance Studies.- 6. Heat and Entropy of Dissociation of Ion-Pairs.- 7. Triple Ions.- 8. Higher Ionic Aggregates.- 9. Dynamics of Interconversions Between Ionic Species.- 3. Initiation and Propagation of Ionic Polymerization.- 1. General Remarks.- 2. Initiation and Propagation Induced by Salts.- 3. Initiation and Propagation Involving Lithium Alkyls.- 4. Initiation of Cationic Polymerization by Protonic Acids: Role of Esters (Including Halides).- 5. Initiation of Polymerization by Lewis Bases and Acids: Problem of Zwitterions.- 6. Initiation of Cationic Polymerization by Friedel-Crafts Reagents in Conjunction with Co-initiators.- 7. Initiation of Polymerization by Electron Transfer and Related Topics.- 8. Polymerization Initiated by High Energy Radiation.- 9. Initiators Involving Al, Fe, Zn, and Other Metallo-Organics.- 10. Activated Monomer Mechanism.- 4. Elementary Steps of Polymerization Other Than Initiation or Propagation.- 1. Termination.- 2. Intramolecular Proton or Hydride Ion Transfers and Other Isomerizations.- 3. "Wrong" Monomer Addition.- 4. Chain-Transfer.- 5. Proton Traps.- 6. Polymerization of Isobutene Initiated by Cumyl Chloride and Its Analogues.- 7. Ring-Chain Competitions.- 5. Ionic Copolymerization.- 1. General Schemes of Copolymerization and the Crossover Constants.- 2. Reactivity and Basicity of Monomers.- 3. ReactivityRatios: Composition of Copolymer and Feed.- 4. Copolymerization and Homopolymerization.- 5. System Li-Polystyryl and Li-Polybutadienyl in Hydrocarbon Solvents.- 6. Consequences of Equilibria Between Unreacted

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