Knowing and Seeing
Groundwork for a new empiricism
(Sprache: Englisch)
What is knowledge? What, if anything, can we know? Michael Ayers initiates a fresh approach to these questions by recovering the insight in the distinction between 'knowledge' and 'belief' that was common philosophical currency for two millennia after...
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What is knowledge? What, if anything, can we know? Michael Ayers initiates a fresh approach to these questions by recovering the insight in the distinction between 'knowledge' and 'belief' that was common philosophical currency for two millennia after Plato. He argues that knowledge comes only with direct cognitive contact with reality or truth.
Klappentext zu „Knowing and Seeing “
What is knowledge? What, if anything, can we know? In Knowing and Seeing, Michael Ayers recovers the insight in the traditional distinction between knowledge and belief, according to which 'knowledge' stems from direct and perspicuous cognitive contact with ('seeing') its object, whereas 'belief' relies on 'extraneous' justification. He conducts a careful phenomenological analysis of what it is to perceive one's environment as one's environment, the resultof which is not only direct realism, but recognition that in being perceptually aware of anything we are at the same time perceptually aware of how we are aware of it. Perceptual knowing comes with knowing how you know. Some other forms of knowledge are similarly direct and perspicuous, but not all; a
distinction is accordingly drawn between primary and secondary knowledge, and Ayers argues that no secondary knowledge is possible without some primary knowledge. Perceptual knowledge supplies the paradigm to which other cases of knowledge are diversely analogous - hence the notorious difficulty of defining knowledge. These conclusions, supported by a detailed examination of the relations between different grammatical constructions in which 'know', 'believe' and 'see' occur, fuel extended
critiques of two lines of thought influential in contemporary epistemology: John McDowell's conceptualist and intellectualist account of perceptual knowledge, and Fred Dretske's 'externalist' employment of sceptical argument. Ayers unpicks the arguments for these other views, explains the failure of
recent attempts at a comprehensive definition of knowledge, explores the tight relation between knowledge and certainty, and gives an account of how 'defeasibility' should and should not be understood in epistemology.
Autoren-Porträt von Michael Ayers
Michael Ayers is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford, a Fellow of the British Academy, and a member of Academia Europea. He was elected as Tutorial Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, in 1965, and remained there, later as Reader and Professor, until retiring in 2002. Over the course of his career, Ayers has also had several visiting appointments at universities in the USA, including Berkeley. He has published widely on the history andhistoriography of philosophy, especially of epistemology.
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Michael Ayers
- 2019, 240 Seiten, Maße: 15,8 x 14,1 cm, Gebunden, Englisch
- Verlag: Oxford University Press
- ISBN-10: 0198833563
- ISBN-13: 9780198833567
Sprache:
Englisch
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