Lichen-Derived Products

Preface xiii
 
Part 1: Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects 1
 
1 An Overview on Lichen's Morphology, Chemistry of Derived Products, and Current Scenario 3
Mohd Yusuf
 
1.1 Introduction 3
 
1.2 The Lichen's Body: Thallus Morphology 4
 
1.2.1 Foliose 9
 
1.2.2 Fruiticose 9
 
1.2.3 Squamulose Lichens 9
 
1.2.4 Crustose 9
 
1.2.5 Placodioid/Crustose-Placodioid/Squamulose-Placodioid 9
 
1.2.6 Leprose 10
 
1.2.7 Filamentous Lichens 10
 
1.2.8 Without any Definite Shape or Lichens Without any Visible Thallus 10
 
1.3 Chemistry of Lichen-Derived Products 10
 
1.4 Current Scenario of Lichens and Derived Products Thereof 18
 
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 23
 
References 24
 
2 Comparative Perspectives on Extraction Methods for Organic Metabolites and Pollutants from Lichens 27
Patricia Forbes, Leandri van der Wat and Johanna Strumpher
 
2.1 Introduction 28
 
2.1.1 Organic Lichen-Derived Compounds 29
 
2.1.1.1 Organic Air Pollutants 29
 
2.1.1.2 Lichen Metabolites 29
 
2.2 Sample Preparation and Solvent Extraction 44
 
2.3 Extraction of Organic Air Pollutants 45
 
2.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction 45
 
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 46
 
2.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 50
 
2.3.4 QuEChERS 51
 
2.3.5 Other Extraction Methods 52
 
2.4 Extraction of Lichen Metabolites 53
 
2.4.1 Traditional Approaches 54
 
2.4.1.1 Boiling Extraction 54
 
2.4.1.2 Shaking 54
 
2.4.1.3 Ammonia Extraction 54
 
2.4.2 Alternative Extraction Approaches for Lichen Metabolites 54
 
2.4.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction 54
 
2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 55
 
2.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 55
 
2.4.2.4 QuEChERS 55
 
2.4.2.5 Solid Phase Microextraction 56
 
2.4.2.6 Other Extraction Methods 56
 
2.5 Extract Cleanup

Mohd Yusuf received his PhD from the Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2013. He is now an Assistant Professor at D/O Chemistry, YMD College, M. D. University, Nuh, Haryana, India. He has published more than 50 publications including research and review articles, as well as book chapters in edited volumes. He edited Handbook of Renewable Materials for Coloration and Finishing (Wiley-Scrivener) in 2018.