Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

1 Implications of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 1.1 Solar Wind, Magnetosphere, and Ionosphere.- 1.1.1 Entry of Energy into the Magnetosphere.- 1.1.2 Dissipation of Energy in Substorms.- 1.2 Basic Properties of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 1.2.1 Global and Local Coupling Processes.- 1.2.2 Plasma Convection.- 1.2.3 Theoretical Approach.- 2 Morphology of Electric Fields and Currents at High Latitudes.- 2.1 Large-Scale Current Systems.- 2.1.1 Convection Electrojets.- 2.1.2 Substorm Current Wedge.- 2.1.3 Polar Cap and Cusp Currents.- 2.1.4 Eastward Current in the Dawn Sector.- 2.1.5 Current Closure in the Magnetosphere.- 2.1.6 Charge Carriers of Field-Aligned Currents.- 2.2 Electric Field and Currents Associated with Auroral Forms.- 2.2.1 Auroral Arcs.- 2.2.2 Westward Traveling Surges.- 2.2.3 Auroral Omega Bands.- 2.2.4 Pulsating Auroral Patches.- 3 Global Modeling of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 3.1 Basic Concepts.- 3.2 Simulation of Magnetospheric Convection.- 3.2.1 Global Convection Model.- 3.2.2 Plasma Transport Model.- 3.3 Reproduction of Observed Features.- 3.4 Coupling Models with Specific Physical Aspects.- 4 Modeling of Ionospheric Electrodynamics.- 4.1 Ionospheric Parameters Controlled by Field-Aligned Currents.- 4.1.1 Basic Algorithm.- 4.1.2 Quiet Periods.- 4.1.3 Substorm Times.- 4.1.4 Cusp Structure.- 4.2 Magnetogram-Inversion Technique.- 4.2.1 Essence of the Scheme.- 4.2.2 Advantages and Limitations.- 4.2.3 Global Distribution of Ionospheric Parameters.- 4.2.4 Recent Improvements.- 4.3 Formation of Auroral Arcs.- 5 Current Issues in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 5.1 The Westward Traveling Surge.- 5.1.1 Dynamics.- 5.1.2 Distortion of Convection Pattern.- 5.1.3 Pulsations.- 5.2 Auroral Particle Acceleration and Parallel Electric Fields.- 5.2.1 Observations.- 5.2.2 Theories and Computer Simulations.- 5.3 Penetration of High-Latitude Electric Fields / into Low Latitudes.- 5.3.1 Substorm Effects.- 5.3.2 Source Mechanisms.- 5.3.3 Global