New Concepts in Echocardiography

I Introduction to Echocardiography.- 1. General remarks.- 2. Purpose of this study.- II Principles of Ultrasound.- 1. The piëzo-electric effect.- 2. Some physical properties of ultrasound.- 3. Scanning and recording techniques.- 4. The Doppler effect.- III Present Applications in Cardiology.- 1. General remarks.- 2. Mitral stenosis.- 3. Pericardial effusion.- 4. Other applications.- 5. On the use of Doppler.- 6. Concluding remarks.- IV A Non-Invasive Method for Two Dimensional Instantaneous Observation of Moving Cardiac Structures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The system.- 3. Preliminary results.- V A Catheter Tip Intracardiac Scanner.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The principle.- 3. On the selection of parameters.- 4. The directivity pattern.- 5. Preliminary results.- 6. Concluding remarks.- VI On The Limitations of Ultrasound.- 1. Specular reflections.- 2. Range precision and axial resolution.- 3. Lateral resolution and effects caused by side lobes.- 4. Limitations of continuous wave Doppler systems.- Appendix A The Measurement of Acoustic Radiation (The calibration of a sensor).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method of calibration.- 3. The sensor.- 4. Measurement of total output power.- 5. Calculation of Intensity in a single position.- 6. Discussion of results.- Appendix B The Measurement of Acoustic Radiation (The calculation of radiated power).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calculation of radiated power.- 3. The approximation.- Appendix C Pericardial Effusion. Case Report.- Appendix D Mitral Stenosis. Case Report.- Appendix E Side Lobe Effects of a Line Transducer on a Circular Reflector Echogram.- Appendix F Optimum Beam Forming for Intracardiac Scanner.- Appendix G Possible Method for Doppler Monitoring.- References.- Acknowledgements.- Summary.