Physiology of the Joints.Vol.2

inter-articular menisci Meniscal displacements during flexion-extension Meniscal displacements during axial rotation - meniscal lesions Patellar displacements relative to the femur Femoropatellar relationships Patellar movements relative to the tibia The collateral ligaments of the knee Transverse stability of the knee Anteroposterior stability of the knee The peri-articular defence system of the knee The cruciate ligaments of the knee Relations between the capsule and the cruciate ligaments Direction of the cruciate ligaments Mechanical role of the cruciate ligaments Rotational stability of the extended knee Dynamic tests of the knee during medial rotation Dynamic tests for rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament Dynamic tests of the knee during lateral rotation The extensor muscles of the knee Physiological actions of the rectus femoris The flexor muscles of the knee The rotator muscles of the knee Automatic rotation of the knee Dynamic equilibrium of the knee Chapter 3: The Ankle The articular complex of the foot Flexion-extension The articular surfaces of the ankle joint The ligaments of the ankle joint Anteroposterior stability of the ankle and factors limiting flexion-extension Transverse stability of the ankle joint The tibiofibular joints Functional anatomy of the tibiofibular joints Why does the leg have two bones? Chapter 4: The Foot Axial rotation and side-to-side movements of the foot The articular surfaces of the subtalar joint Congruence and incongruence of the articular surfaces of the subtalar joint The talus: the unusual bone The ligaments of the subtalar joint The transverse tarsal joint and its ligaments Movements at the subtalar joint Movements at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints Movements at the transverse tarsal joint Overall functioning of the posterior tarsal joints The heterokinetic universal joint of the hindfoot The ligamentous chains during inversion and eversion The cuneonavicular, intercuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints Movements at the anterior tarsal and tarsometatarsal joints Extension of the toes The compartments of the leg The interosseous and the lumbrical muscles The muscles of the sole of the foot The fibrous tunnels of the instep and of the sole of the foot The flexor muscles of the ankle The triceps surae The other extensor muscles of the ankle The abductor-pronator muscles: the fibularis muscles The adductor-supinator muscles:the tibialis muscles Chapter 5: The Plantar Vault Overview of the plantar vault The medial arch The lateral arch The anterior arch and the transverse arch of the foot The distribution of loads and static distortions of the plantar vault Architectural equilibrium of the foot Dynamic distortions of the plantar vault during walking Dynamic distortions of the plantar vault secondary to inclination of the leg on the inverted foot Dynamic distortions of the plantar vault secondary to inclination of the leg on the everted foot Adaptation of the plantar vault to the terrain The various types of pes cavus The various types of pes planus Imbalances of the interior arch Types of feet Chapter 6: Walking The move to bipedalism The miracle of bipedalism The initial step Swing phase of the gait cycle Loading response phase The footprints Pelvic oscillations The tilts of the pelvis Torsion of the trunk Swinging of the upper limbs Muscular chains during running Appendices Walking is freedom The nerves of the lower limb The sensory compartments of the lower limb (text) The sensory compartments of the lower limb: Figures 1 and 2 Bibliography Models of Articular Biomechanics