Plants of Desert Dunes

1 Introduction.- 2 Sand Deserts of the World.- 2.1 Distribution of Sand Dunes.- 2.2 Sand Mobility.- 3 Environmental Stresses in the Sand Desert.- 3.1 Substrate Stability.- 3.2 Moisture Regime.- 3.3 Nutrients.- 4 Habitat Types of Desert Dunes.- 4.1 Mobile Dunes.- 4.2 Stable Dunes.- 4.3 Sites of Constant Deflation.- 4.4 Sand Covering Other Substrates.- 5 Plant Case Histories and Ecomorphological Types.- 5.1 Species Requiring Sand Accumulation - Stipagrostis scoparia Type.- 5.2 Species Resistant to Deep Sand Cover or Removal - Calligonum comosum Type.- 5.3 Species of Areas with Modest Sand Cover or Removal - Stipagrostis plumosa Type.- 5.4 Species Actively Resistant to Sand Deflation - Moltkiopsis ciliata Type.- 5.5 Passive Resistant Species to Sand Deflation - Convolvulus lanatus Type.- 5.6 Herbaceous Perennial Species of Stable Sand Sheets - Stipagrostis obtusa Type.- 5.7 Shrubs and Semishrubs of Stable Sand Sheets - Hammada salicornica Type.- 5.8 Annuals and Facultative Annuals (Amphiphytes).- 5.9 Coastal Dunes Plants.- 5.10 Sand Grains Coating Leaves and Stems.- 5.11 Microbiotic Crust.- 6 Typical Transects in a Few Plant Communities and Their Edaphic Relationships.- 6.1 A Successional Sequence in the Haluza Dunes, Israel.- 6.2 Stable Dunes on Old Sandstones in the Yamin-Rotem Plain, Israel.- 6.3 Dunes Covering Stable Sand Sheets in Northern Sinai.- 6.4 Sand Covering Salt Marshes in Sinai, Namibia, and California.- 6.5 Sand Covering Fresh Water Aquifers.- 6.6 Sand Covering Limestone Hills, Western Sinai.- 6.7 Eureka Dunes, California.- 6.8 The Kelso Dunes, California.- 7 Plant Adaptations to Environmental Stresses in Desert Dunes.- 7.1 Convergence and Adaptation.- 7.2 Reactive Growth and Sand Mobility.- 7.3 Adaptations of the Main Organs.- 8 Comparison Between Plants ofDesert Dunes, Extreme Desert, and Coastal Dunes.- 8.1 Comparison of Desert and Coastal Dunes.- 8.2 Morphological Differences Between Dune Plants of Desert and Coastal Areas.- 8.3 Morphological