Practical Guide to Diagnosing Structural Movement in Buildings

Introduction ix List of Figures xii Acknowledgements xix Part 1 First Principles 1 1.1 First Principles 3 1.2 Crack Patterns and Cracks 8 1.3 Rotational Movement 9 1.4 Contra Rotational Movement 11 1.5 Weak Routes 14 1.6 Load Distribution 22 1.7 Movement and Orientation 26 1.8 Summary of First Principles and Process 28 Part 2 Cracks in Buildings Not Related to Foundations 31 2.1 Expansion Cracking 33 2.2 Cavity Wall Tie Corrosion 44 2.3 Corrosion of Metal Built into Walls 53 2.4 Vibration of Built-in Fixings 57 2.5 Roof Spread 60 2.6 Springing from Deflected Beams 67 2.7 Lack of Lateral Stability 70 2.8 Lack of Lateral Stability in Modern Gable Walls 76 2.9 False Chimneys, Lateral Instability and Movement in Gable Walls 79 2.10 Overloaded Beams 86 2.11 Absence of Lintels (Beams) Over Openings in Cavity Walls 91 2.12 Overloaded Floors 98 2.13 Overloaded Walls 102 2.14 Differential Movement 106 2.15 Arch Thrust and Arch Flattening 108 2.16 Arch Spread in Chimneys Built over Alleys in Terrace Housing 113 2.17 Buckling of Jambs to Sash Windows and Arch Flattening 118 2.18 Wall Shortening and Sequential Movement in Walls and Roofs (Holland's Multiple Factor Diagnosis) 123 2.19 Load Path Cracking 135 2.20 Bulging of Walls Due to Decay of Bonding Timbers 138 2.21 Bulging and Separation in Solid Brick Walls 141 2.22 Separation of Rubble-Filled Stone Walls 144 2.23 Floor Slab Settlement (Compaction) 146 2.24 Load Concentrations 153 2.25 Sulphate Attack 155 2.26 Concrete Block Shrinkage 161 2.27 Shrinkage of Calcium Silicate Bricks 165 2.28 Heat Expansion of Flue Blocks 168 2.29 Floor Cracking in Suspended Concrete Beam and Block Floors 172 2.30 Vehicular Impact Damage (Usually Garages) 177 Part 3 Cracks in Buildings Related to the Foundations and Ground Movement 183 3.1 Introduction 185 3.1.1 Design for Load 187 3.1.2 Design for Stability 189 3.1.3 Identifying Below Ground Defects 190 3.2 Foundation Movement Caused by Clay Shrinkage 193 3.3 Clay Heave 201 3.4 Seasonal

Malcolm Holland, BSc(Hons) MRICS, started his career as a land surveyor in the Royal Engineers before leaving the Army to return to higher education. He gained a degree in Building Surveying and then qualified as a Chartered Surveyor in 1988. During the mid 1990s he spent four years as a senior lecturer at DeMontfort University teaching building construction and pathology to general practice surveying students. Since then he has worked predominantly in private practice and mostly in the field of residential surveying.