Signal Delay and Refraction in the Turbulent Atmosphere

The book presents a new theory of refraction of electromagnetic waves and the signal delay in the turbulent atmosphere. Analyzes the conditions, under which there is a loss of optical visibility and appearance of mirages. Considered as classical (static) methods of determining the corrections for refraction and signal delay on the path, as well as new, so-called dynamic methods for determining of the corrections, which have started to deal only with the 70-ies the last century. In the monograph contains the results of studies of the influence of the atmosphere on measurements performed in an electromagnetic band. Presented the results of experimental studies of developed techniques, that allow you to automatically determine the refraction correction and the delay of the signal in real- time. The book is designed for a wide range of readers - astronomers, geodesist and surveyors, as well as for the developers of devices and professionals, interested by the optics of the atmosphere. It may be of interest to students, teachers of Institute and graduate students.