Stratification of tropical forests as seen in leaf structure

the oblique position of palisade cells.- 8. Ecological Aspects.- Xeromorphy, succulence, and hygromorphy.- Criteria of xeromorphy - Criteria of hygromorphy.- Sun and shade leaf type.- Criteria of the sun leaf type - Criteria of the shade leaf type.- The significance of the different structural features and their ecological importance.- Blade thickness - Number of layers of the upper epidermis - Waxy layers - Cuticle - Thickness of the outer wall of the upper epidermis - Cell size of the upper epidermis, as seen in transection - Cell size and form of the upper and lower epidermis, as seen in surface view - Number of palisade layers - Length of palisade cells - Length/width index of the palisade cells - Index palisade parenchyma/spongy parenchyma - Stomate density - Stomata length - Level of stoma formation - Hair density - Papillas, wall excrescences and surface sculpturing - Density of vascular bundles - Secretory cells - Secretory canals or cavities - Upper and lower hypodermis - Sclereids - Glands - Slimy walls - Stomata in the upper epidermis - Upper epidermis as a water reservoir - Xero-, meso-, hygromorphic leaves and sun and shade leaf type.- The progressive transformation of the hygromorphic shade leaf into the xeromorphic sun leaf.- Blade size and shape - Blade thickness - Width of outer wall of the upper epidermis - Upper epidermis as a water- storing tissue - Number of epidermis layers - Formation of a (upper or lower) hypodermis - Number of palisade layers - Length of paisade cells - Length/width index of the palisade cells - Chloroplasts - Proportions between palisade and spongy parenchyma - Stomata size and density - Level of stoma formation - Development of "cornets" and crypts - Hair density - Papillas, wall excrescences and surface sculpturing - Density of vascular bundles - Xero-, meso-, hygromorphic leaves - Sun and shade leaf type - The increasing width of the leathery leaf - Comparison of juvenile and adult leaves.- Comparison with the cloud forest - The leathery leaf - Environmental conditions.- Soil - Water supply - Illumination - Temperature.- 9. Taxonomical Aspects.- 10. Phylogenetic Aspects.- 11. Discussion of the Most Important Results.- 12. Figures to the Text.- 13. Bibliography.- 14. Index of Scientific Plant Names.- 15. Index of vernacular plant names.- 16. General Index.