The Pancreas

Acute Pancreatitis 178 Julia Mayerle, Frank Ulrich Weiss, Walter Halangk, and Markus M. Lerch 19 Histopathology of Acute Pancreatitis 193 Günter Klöppel 20 Clinical Classification Systems of Acute Pancreatitis 199 John A. Windsor and Max S. Petrov 21 Clinical Assessment and Biochemical Markers to Objectify Severity and Prognosis 204 Bettina M. Rau and Guido Alsfasser 22 Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Congenital Anomalies 213 Christopher R. Schlieve, Andrew L. Warshaw, and Tracy C. Grikscheit 23 Acute Pancreatitis in Children 219 Mark E. Lowe and Véronique D. Morinville 24 Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Metabolic Disorders, Infectious Diseases, or Drugs 230 Ali A. Aghdassi and Markus M. Lerch 25 Radiologic Diagnosis and Staging of Severe Acute Pancreatitis 238 Yoshihisa Tsuji Clinical Course and Medical Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis 251 26 Conservative Therapy of Acute Pancreatitis: Volume Substitution and Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 251 Timothy B. Gardner 27 ICU Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis 258 Scott R. Gunn and David C. Whitcomb 28 Use of Antibiotics in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Indications and Limitations 265 Rainer Isenmann and Mathias Wittau Interventional and Surgical Management of Acute Pancreatitis 271 29 Indications for Interventional and Surgical Treatment of Necrotizing Pancreatitis 271 Thomas E. Clancy 30 Management of Infected Pancreatic Necroses: An Endoscopic Approach 277 Eduardo Rodrigues-Pinto and Todd H. Baron 31 Minimally Invasive Debridement and Lavage of Necrotizing Pancreatitis 283 Rebecca Saunders, Michael G.T. Raraty, Chris Halloran, and John P. Neoptolemos 32 Open Surgical Debridement in Necrotizing Pancreatitis 289 Lutz Schneider and Markus W. Büchler 33 Endoscopic Treatment of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis 296 Ichiro Yasuda, Shinpei Doi, and Masatoshi Mabuchi 34 Strategies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Walled-Off Necrosis After Acute Pancreatitis: Interventional Endoscopic Approaches 301 Georg Beyer, Julia Mayerle, and Markus M. Lerch 35 Strategies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Walled-Off Necrosis After Acute Pancreatitis: Surgical Treatment 305 Naohiro Sata, Masaru Koizumi, and Alan K. Lefor 36 Management of Fluid Collection in Acute Pancreatitis 311 Felix Lämmerhirt, Frank Ulrich Weiss, and Markus M. Lerch 37 Management of Pancreatic Fistula in Acute Pancreatitis 316 Jörg Kaiser, Thilo Hackert, and Markus W. Büchler Long-Term Outcome After Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis 323 38 Long-Term Outcome After Acute Pancreatitis 323 Christin Tjaden and Thilo Hackert Section 4 Chronic Pancreatitis 331 39 Molecular Understanding of Chronic Pancreatitis 333 John F. Eisses and Sohail Z. Husain 40 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis 342 Atsushi Masamune and Tooru Shimosegawa 41 Pain Mechanisms in Chronic Pancreatitis 349 Pierluigi di Sebastiano, Tommaso Grottola, and Francesco F. di Mola 42 Natural History of Recurrent Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis 355 Rohit Das and Dhiraj Yadav 43 Chronic Pancreatitis with Inflammatory Mass of the Pancreatic Head 365 Ulrich F. Wellner and Tobias Keck 44 Early Chronic Pancreatitis 371 Tetsuhide Ito, Masayuki Hijioka, and Tooru Shimosegawa 45 Hereditary Chronic Pancreatitis: Molecular Pattern, Clinical Consequences, and Management Principles 374 Celeste Shelton and David C. Whitcomb 46 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Tropical Chronic Pancreatitis 384 Shailesh V. Shrikhande and Savio George Barreto 47 Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR)-Associated Pancreatic Disease 391 Chee Y. Ooi and Aliye Uc 48 Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis 397 Julia Mayerle, Peter Simon, and Markus M. Lerch 49 Evidence of Contrast-Enhanced CT and MRI/MRCP 406 J. Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz, Roberto García-Figueiras, and Julio Iglesias-García 50 Chronic Pancreatitis: Risk Factors in Cancer 417 Albert B. Lowenfels and Patrick Maisonneuve Conservative Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis 421 51 Pain Management in Chronic Pancreatitis 421 Kai Bachmann, Stephanie Plagemann, Yogesh Kumar Vashist, and Jakob R. Izbicki 52 Medical Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis: Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes: Lipases, Proteases 426 Mark E. Lowe 53 Nutritional Support of Chronic Pancreatitis 429 Sinead N. Duggan and Stephen J. O'Keefe 54 Medical Therapy for Chronic Pancreatitis: Antioxidants 435 Chris E. Forsmark Strategies for Endoscopic and Surgical Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis 439 55 Evidence of Endoscopic and Interventional Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis and Pseudocysts 439 Jörg Schirra, Markus M. Lerch, and Julia Mayerle 56 Indications and Goals of Surgical Treatment 449 Ryan T. Groeschl and Michael B. Farnell 57 Pancreatic Duct Drainage Procedure 453 Dirk Bausch and Tobias Keck 58 Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection 458 Hans G. Beger, Bertram Poch, Yang Yinmo, and Waldemar UhlContents vii 59 Major Pancreatic Resection 467 May C. Tee and Michael B. Farnell 60 Laparoscopic Surgery 479 Vernissia Tam, Melissa E. Hogg, and Amer Zureikat Management of Diabetes and Long-Term Outcome of Chronic Pancreatitis 488 61 Chronic Pancreatitis: Long-Term Outcome After Medical and Surgical Treatment 488 Volker Aßfalg, Norbert Hüser, and Helmut Friess 62 Management of Pancreatic Diabetes Secondary to Chronic Pancreatitis 495 Keiko Shiratori Section 5 Autoimmune Pancreatitis 503 63 Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 505 Terumi Kamisawa and Tooru Shimosegawa 64 Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 510 Yoh Zen 65 Histology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 516 Rajib Gupta and Vikram Deshpande 66 Clinical Manifestation of Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis 520 Tooru Shimosegawa, Morihisa Hirota, and Atsushi Kanno 67 Clinical Manifestations of Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis 534 Emma L. Culver and George Webster 68 Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 539 J.-Matthias Löhr, Pia Maier, and Stephan L. Haas 69 What is the Evidence Measuring Immune Markers 544 Shigeyuki Kawa 70 Imaging Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 550 Kazuichi Okazaki, Tsukasa Ikeura, Kazushige Uchida, and Makoto Takaoka 71 Medical Management of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 555 Shounak Majumder and Suresh T. Chari Long-Term Outcome of Management of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 560 72 Long-Term Outcome After Treatment of Autoimmune Pancreatitis 560 Luca Frulloni and Nicolò de Pretis Section 6 Neoplastic Tumors of the Exocrine Tissue: Benign Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas 565 73 Epidemiology of Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas 567 Saurabh Mukewar and Suresh T. Chari 74 Histologic Classification and Staging of Cystic Neoplasms 573 Noriyoshi Fukushima and Giuseppe Zamboni 75 Molecular Mechanisms of Cystic Neoplasia 580 Nickolas Papadopoulos and Ralph H. Hruban 76 Clinical Presentation of Cystic Neoplasms 589 Susumu Hijioka, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Nozomi Okuno, and Kenji Yamao 77 Evaluation of Cystic Lesions Using EUS, MRI, and CT 593 Anne Marie Lennon and Hiroyuki Maguchi 78 Cytologic Evaluation of Cystic Neoplasms 603 Martha Bishop Pitman 79 Natural History of Cystic Neoplasms: IPMN, MCN, SCN, and SPN 611 Anna-Katharina Stadler, Thilo Hackert, Stefan Fritz, and Markus W. Büchler 80 Surveillance or Surgical Treatment in Asymptomatic Cystic Neoplasms 618 Klaus Sahora and Carlos Fernández- del Castillo Local and Standard Surgical Treatment of Cystic Neoplasms 622 81 Duodenum-Preserving Partial or Total Pancreatic Head Resection 622 Hans G. Beger and Bertram Poch 82 Pancreatic Middle Segment Resection 627 Calogero Iacono 83 The Indications For and Limitations of Tumor Enucleation 632 Rosalie A. Carr, C. Max Schmidt, and Henry A. Pitt 84 Standard Surgical Management of IPMN, MCN, SPN, and SCN Lesions: Open Approach 641 Miral Sadaria Grandhi, Barish H. Edil, and Richard D. Schulick 85 Surgical Treatment of Cystic Neoplasms: Laparoscopic Approach 649 Richard A. Burkhart, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Markus W. Büchler, and Thilo Hackert 86 Management of Recurrence of Cystic Neoplasms 655 Zhi Ven Fong, Christopher L. Wolfgang, and Keith D. Lillemoe Long-Term Outcome of Management of Cystic Neoplasms 660 87 Long-Term Outcome After Observation and Surgical Treatment: What is the Evidence? 660 Giovanni Marchegiani, Giuseppe Malleo, and Claudio Bassi Section 7 Neoplastic Tumors of Exocrine Tissue: Pancreatic Cancer 665 88 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer 667 Evelina Mocci and Alison P. Klein 89 Smoking, a Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: Experimental and Clinical Data 673 Uwe A. Wittel, Bradley R. Hall, and Surinder K. Batra 90 Molecular Understanding of Development of Ductal Pancreatic Cancer 679 Laura D. Wood and Ralph H. Hruban 91 Familial Pancreatic Cancer 688 Alison P. Klein 92 Pathology of Exocrine Pancreatic Tumors 693 Meredith E. Pittman and Ralph H. Hruban 93 Pancreatic Cancer: Precancerous Lesions 705 Michaël Noë, Lodewijk A.A. Brosens, and Johan Offerhaus 94 Clinical History and Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer 717 Norbert Hüser, Volker Aßfalg, and Helmut Friess 95 Pancreatic Cancer Within the Uncinate Process: Radiologic and Clinical Characteristics 724 Sebastian Holländer and Dieter Birk 96 The Role of EUS in the Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Neoplastic Lesions 728 Susumu Hijioka, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Nozomi Okuno, and Kenji Yamao 97 Radiologic Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: CT, MRI 733 Siva P. Raman and Elliot K. Fishman 98 Screening of Patients with Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer 745 Michael Goggins 99 The Role of PET in Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer and Cancer Recurrence 755 Norbert Hüser, Volker Aßfalg, Isabel Rauscher, and Helmut Friess 100 Tumor Markers in Pancreatic Malignancies 762 Shin Hamada, Atsushi Masamune, and Tooru Shimosegawa 101 The Role of Laparoscopy and Peritoneal Cytology in the Management of Pancreatic Cancer 766 Kyoichi Takaori and Shinji Uemoto 102 Clinical Assessment and Staging of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer 770 Jennifer LaFemina, Ann K. Friedrich, and Giles F. Whalen Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer 776 103 Pancreatic Cancer: Indications for Resection 776 Akimasa Nakao 104 Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer, Short- and Long-Term Outcomes After Kausch-Whipple and Pylorus-Preserving Resection 783 Jin He and John L. Cameron 105 Left Pancreatectomy for Body and Tail Cancer 790 Georgios Gemenetzis and Christopher L. Wolfgang 106 Total Pancreatectomy: Indications and Limitations 797 Seiko Hirono and Hiroki Yamaue 107 Laparoscopic and Robotic Resection for Pancreatic Cancer 804 Deepa Magge, Herbert J. Zeh, and Melissa E. Hogg 108 Extended Radical Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer 814 Thilo Hackert, Alexis Ulrich, and Markus W. Büchler 109 Palliative Pancreatoduodenectomy: Benefits and Limitations 823 Christoph W. Michalski, Max Heckler, Mert Erkan, and Markus W. Büchler 110 Bypass Surgery for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer 828 Jürgen Weitz, Thomas Pausch, Christoph W. Michalski, and Thilo Hackert Nonsurgical Palliation of Pancreatic Cancer 835 111 Endoscopic and Interventional Palliation of Pancreatic Cancer 835 Takao Itoi Medical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer 842 112 Neoadjuvant Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: Downstaging Results 842 Robert A. Wolff and Gauri Varadhachary 113 Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer 847 Robert P. Jones, Paula Ghaneh, and John P. Neoptolemos 114 Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer 856 Adrian G. Murphy, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, and Lei Zheng 115 Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer 865 Vincent Bernard and Anirban Maitra 116 Palliative Chemotherapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Survival Benefit and Side Effects of Treatment 872 Olusola O. Faluyi, Madhuchanda Chatterjee, and Daniel H. Palmer 117 Management of Pain in Pancreatic Cancer 879 Michael Erdek, Indy Wilkinson, and Zackary E. Boomsaad 118 Role of Radio and Proton Beam Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer 886 Amol K. Narang, Lauren M. Rosati, Michael D. Chuong, and Joseph M. Herman 119 Management of Cancer Recurrence 895 Oliver Strobel and Markus W. Büchler Long-Term Outcome After Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer 906 120 Survival and Late Morbidity After Resection of Pancreatic Cancer 906 Avinoam Nevler, Charles J. Yeo, and Jordan M. Winter Section 8 Neoplastic Tumors of the Endocrine Pancreas: Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 919 121 Epidemiology and Classification of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 921 J.J. Mukherjee, Kok-Onn Lee, and Gregory Kaltsas 122 Pathology of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms 930 Atsuko Kasajima and Hironobu Sasano 123 Molecular Genetics of Neuroendocrine Tumors 937 Nickolas Papadopoulos and Ralph H. Hruban 124 Clinical Manifestation of Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 947 Ken Kawabe and Tetsuhide Ito 125 Evidence of Hormonal, Laboratory, Biochemical, and Instrumental Diagnostics of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 953 Kok-Onn Lee, Gregory Kaltsas, and J.J. Mukherjee 126 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in Multiple Neoplasia Syndromes 961 Anja Rinke and Thomas Matthias Gress 127 Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Diagnosis and Management Principles 967 Takao Ohtsuka, Hideyo Kimura, and Masafumi Nakamura 128 Medical and Nucleotide Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 972 Gregory Kaltsas, J.J. Mukherjee, and Kok-Onn Lee 129 Interventional Radiology in the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors 979 Takao Ohtsuka, Hideyo Kimura, and Masafumi Nakamura Surgical Management of Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 982 130 Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Tumors: Enucleation 982 Henning Dralle, Phuong Nguyen Thanh, and Andreas Machens 131 Local Treatment of Endocrine Tumors: Duodenum-Preserving Partial or Total Pancreatic Head Resection and Pancreatic Middle-Segment Resection 989 Hans G. Beger and Wataru Kimura 132 Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Tumors: Major Oncologic Resection 994 Henning Dralle, Phuong Nguyen Thanh, and Andreas Machens 133 Management of Insulinoma 1002 Keijiro Ueda, Linkaku Lee, and Tetsuhide Ito 134 Evidence of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Gastrinoma 1009 Ryuichiro Doi 135 Rare Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: Management and Evidence of Surgical Treatment 1013 Ryuichiro Doi 136 Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas and Biliary Tract 1019 Andrea Frilling, Ashley K. Clift, and Vito Cincinnati Long-Term Outcome After Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 1029 137 Long-Term Outcome After Treatment of Endocrine Tumors 1029 Andreas Machens and Henning Dralle Section 9 Periampullary Cancers and Tumors Other Than Pancreatic Cancer 1035 138 Periampullary Cancer: Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Strategies 1037 Amanda B. Cooper and Keith D. Lillemoe 139 Histology and Genetics of Cancer of the Papilla, Distal Common Bile Duct, and Duodenum 1047 Yue Xue, Michelle D. Reid, and N. Volkan Adsay 140 Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: Diagnosis and Management 1058 Omer Basar and William R. Brugge 141 Endoscopic Treatment of Adenomas of the Ampulla of Vater: Techniques, Results, Benefits, and Limitations 1068 Natsuyo Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Isayama, and Kazuhiko Koike 142 Surgical Treatment of Adenoma and Cancer of Papilla of Vater 1074 Hans G. Beger, Bertram Poch, and Bettina M. Rau 143 Surgical Treatment of Duodenal Cancer 1081 Fuyuhiko Motoi and Michiaki Unno 144 Surgical Treatment of Distal Cholangiocarcinoma 1083 Yukihiro Yokoyama, Tomoki Ebata, and Masato Nagino 145 Adjuvant and Palliative Chemotherapy of Periampullary Cancers 1089 Eyas Mohamed, Paula Ghaneh, and John P. Neoptolemos Long-Term Survival After Tumor Resection 1097 146 Long-Term Survival After Resection of Periampullary Cancer 1097 Masayuki Ohtsuka and Masaru Miyazaki Section 10 Transplantation of the Pancreas 1107 147 Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets 1109 Bernhard J. Hering and Melena D. Bellin 148 Transplantation of the Pancreas 1121 Hans W. Sollinger and Dixon B. Kaufman Index 1129