The Psychology of Human Sexuality

110Key Terms 112Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 112References 1125 Gender and Gender Identity 117Introduction 117Biological Influences on Gender Identity and Sexuality 119Biological Sex Variations 121Psychosocial Influences on Gender Identity and Sexuality 126Social Interactions and Norms 126Physical Environments 128Media 128Variations in Gender Expression 130Transsexualism 130Cross-Dressing 136Other Identities 137Just How Different Are Men and Women? 137Sex Differences in Psychology 138Sex Differences in Sexuality and Attitudes Toward Sex 138Key Terms 140Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 140References 1406 Sexual Orientation 145Introduction 146Sexual Orientation: Definitions and Types 146Measurement and Prevalence 147Theories of Sexual Orientation 150Early Psychological Theories 151Biological and Hormonal Theories 151Evolutionary Theories 153Biopsychosocial Theories 155Sex Differences in the Expression of Sexual Orientation 158Sexual Orientation Attitudes 161Prejudice Against Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Persons 161Sexual Orientation in Psychological Perspective 166Sexual Orientation Myths 167Key Terms 170Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 170References 1707 The Laws of Attraction 175Introduction 176What Attracts Us To Other People? 176Affective Influences 177Propinquity 179Similarity 181Scarcity 183Physiological Arousal 184Neurochemical Factors 185Physical Attractiveness 185Other Factors Involved in Attraction 187Attraction Processes among Gay Men and Lesbians 188Why Are Men and Women Attracted to Different Characteristics? 189Evolutionary Theory 189Social Structural Perspectives 192Key Terms 195Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 196References 1968 Intimate Relationships: Sex, Love, and Commitment 200Introduction 201Singlehood and Casual Relationships 201Sexuality Among Singles 201Hookups 203Friends with Benefits 204Singles' Sexual Outcomes 204Love and Committed Relationships 207The Nature of Love 207The Nature of Commitment 212Varieties of Loving and Committed Relationships 214Why Do Some Relationships Succeed While Others Fail? 220Characteristics of Good Relationships 220The Dark Side of Relationships 223Coping with Breakup 229Key Terms 229Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 229References 2309 Sexual Behaviors 235Introduction 236Solitary Sexual Behaviors 236Asexuality and Celibacy 236Sexual Fantasy 238Masturbation 241Partnered Sexual Behaviors 246Kissing 246Touching 248Oral Sex 248Vaginal Intercourse 249Anal Sex 250Same-Sex Behaviors 251Sex With Three, or Four, or More 252Frequency and Benefits of Sex and Orgasm 255Sexual Behavior in Psychological Perspective 257Self-Regulation 257Attachment Style 259Mortality Salience 259Key Terms 260Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 260References 26010 Lifespan Sexual Development 265Introduction 265Sexual Development From Infancy Through Adolescence 267Infancy and Childhood 267Puberty 268Adolescence 270Biopsychosocial Influences on Teenage Sexual Activity 273Implications of Early or Late Sexual Development 274Lehmiller164715_ftoc.indd 10 8/7/2017 2:59:57 PMContents xiSexuality and Aging 277Biopsychosocial Influences on the Sexual Activities of Older Adults 281Key Terms 283Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 283References 28311 Sex Education, Contraception, and Pregnancy 287Introduction 288Sex Education 288Sex Education in Cross-Cultural Perspective 293Contraception 294History 294Types of Contraceptives 295Choosing the Right Contraceptive 303Pregnancy 304The Psychology of Trying to Have a Baby 305Psychological Changes During Pregnancy and After Birth 306Abortion 306Key Terms 307Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 308References 30812 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Safer-Sex Practices 312Introduction 313Sexually Transmitted Infections 313Bacterial Infections 314Viral Infections 317Other Infections 322Factors That Increase the Spread of STIs 323Biological 323Psychological 324Social and Environmental 326The Psychological Impact of STIs 327Implications for Romantic and Sexual Relationships 328Preventing Infection 329Key Terms 332Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 332References 33213 Sexual Dysfunction and Sex Therapy 336Introduction 337Causes of Sex Difficulties 337Biological 337Psychological 338Social 341Types of Sexual Dysfunction 342Desire Problems 342Arousal Problems 344Orgasm Problems 346Pain Disorders 347Lehmiller164715_ftoc.indd 11 8/7/2017 2:59:57 PMxii ContentsSex Therapy 348Schools of Thought 348Specific Treatments 352Tips For Avoiding Sexual Difficulties 358Key Terms 359Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 359References 35914 Variations in Sexual Behavior 363Introduction 364What are Paraphilias? 364Types of Paraphilias 366Fetishism 366Transvestism 368Sadomasochism 371Voyeurism 373Exhibitionism 375Pedophilia 376Other Paraphilias 377Paraphilia Controversies 381Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders 382Medical Therapies 382Psychological Therapies 383Social Skills Training 383Effectiveness 383Key Terms 384Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 384References 38415 Sex Laws, Sexual Victimization, and the Sexual Marketplace 388Introduction 389A Brief History of Sex Laws 389Sexual Coercion and Violence 391Sexual Assault 391Child Sexual Abuse 393Sexual Harassment 396The Sexual Marketplace 398Prostitution 398Sex Trafficking 402Pornography 402Key Terms 411Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex? 411References 412Epilogue 416Glossary 417Index 429