Vibration Problems in Structures

description
2.1.2 Dynamic actions
a) Causes
b) Periodic excitation
c) Transient excitation
d) Stochastic excitation
2.1.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
2.1.4 Effects
a) Effects on structures
b) Effects on people
c) Effects on machinery and installations
d) Effects due to structure-borne sound
2.1.5 Tolerable values
a) General Aspects
b) Structural criteria
c) Physiological criteria
d) Production-quality criteria
e) Tolerable values relative to structure-borne sound
2.1.6 Simple design rules
a) General
b) Data desirable for the design of machine supports
c) Measures for rotating or oscillating machines
d) Measures for machines with impacting parts
e) Rules for detailing and construction
2.1.7 More advanced design rules
2.1.8 Remedial measures
2.2 Bell towers
2.2.1 Problem description
2.2.2 Dynamic actions
2.2.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
2.2.4 Effects
2.2.5 Tolerable values
2.2.6 Simple design rules
2.2.7 More advanced design rules
2.2.8 Remedial measures
2.3 Structure-borne sound
2.3.1 Problem description
2.3.2 Dynamic actions
2.3.3 Structural criteria
2.3.4 Effects
2.3.5 Tolerable values
2.3.6 Simple design rules
a) Influencing the initiation
b) Influencing the transmission
2.3.7 More advanced design rules
2.3.8 Remedial measures
2.4 Ground-transmitted vibrations
2.4.1 Problem description
2.4.2 Dynamic actions
2.4.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
2.4.4 Effects
2.4.5 Tolerable values
2.4.6 Simple design rules
a) Emission
b) Transmission
c) Immission
2.4.7 More advanced design rules
2.4.8 Remedial measures
References to Chapter 2
3 Wind-induced vibrations
3.1 Buildings
3.1.1 Problem description
3.1.2 Dynamic actions
3.1.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
c) Stiffness
3.1.4 Effects
3.1.5 Tolerable values
3.1.6 Simple design rules
3.1.7 More advanced design rules
3.1.8 Remedial measures
a) Installation of damping elements
b) Vibration absorbers
3.2 Towers
3.2.1 Problem description
3.2.2 Dynamic actions
3.2.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
c) Stiffness
3.2.4 Effects
3.2.5 Tolerable values
3.2.6 Simple design rules
3.2.7 More advanced design rules
3.2.8 Remedial measures
3.3 Chimneys and Masts
3.3.1 Problem description
3.3.2 Dynamic actions
3.3.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
3.3.4 Effects
3.3.5 Tolerable values
3.3.6 Simple design rules
3.3.7 More advanced design rules
3.3.8 Remedial measures
3.4 Guyed Masts
3.4.1 Problem description
3.4.2 Dynamic actions
3.4.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
3.4.4 Effects
3.4.5 Tolerable values
3.4.6 Simple design rules
3.4.7 More advanced design rules
3.4.8 Remedial measures
3.5 Pylons
3.5.1 Problem description
3.5.2 Dynamic actions
3.5.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
3.5.4 Effects
3.5.5 Tolerable values
3.5.6 Simple design rules
3.5.7 More advanced design rules
3.5.8 Remedial measures
3.6 Suspension and Cable-Stayed Bridges
3.6.1 Problem description
3.6.2 Dynamic actions
3.6.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
3.6.4 Effects
3.6.5 Tolerable values
3.6.6 Simple design rules
3.6.7 More advanced design rules
3.6.8 Remedial measures
3.7 Cantilevered Roofs
3.7.1 Problem description
3.7.2 Dynamic actions
3.7.3 Structural criteria
a) Natural frequencies
b) Damping
3.7.4 Effects
3.7.5 Tolerable values
3.7.6 Simple design rules
3.7.7 More advanced design rules
3.7.8 Remedial measures
References to Chapter 3
4 Vibrations induced by traffic and construction activity
4.1 Roads
4.1.1 Problem description
4.1.2 Dynamic actions
4.1.3 Structural criteria
4.1.4 Effects
4.1.5 Tolerable values
4.1.6 Simple design rules
4.1.7 More advanced design rules
4.1.8 Remedial measures
4.2 Railways
4.2.1 Problem description
4.2.2 Dynamic actions
4.2.3 Structural criteria
4.2.4 Effects
4.2.5 Tolerable values
4.2.6 Simple design rules
a) General aspects
b) Measures against increased vibration level
4.2.7 More advanced design rules
4.2.8 Remedial measures
4.3 Bridges
4.3.1 Problem description
4.3.2 Dynamic actions
4.3.3 Structural criteria
4.3.4 Effects
4.3.5 Tolerable values
4.3.6 Simple design rules
4.3.7 More advanced design rules
4.3.8 Remedial measures
4.4 Construction Work
4.4.1 Problem description
4.4.2 Dynamic actions
4.4.3 Structural criteria
4.4.4 Effects
4.4.5 Tolerable values
4.4.6 Simple rules
a) Vehicles on construction sites
b) Piling, sheet piling
c) Vibratory compaction
d) Dynamic consolidation
e) Excavation
f) Blasting
4.4.7 More advanced measures
4.4.8 Remedial measures
References to Chapter 4
A Basic vibration theory and its application to beams and plates
A.1 Free vibration
A.2 Forced vibration
A.3 Harmonic excitation
A.4 Periodic excitation
A.4.1 Fourier analysis of the forcing function
A.4.2 How the Fourier decomposition works
A.4.3 The Fourier Transform
A.5 Tuning of a structure
A.6 Impedance
A.7 Vibration Isolation (Transmissibility)
A.8 Continuous systems and their equivalent SDOF systems
B Decibel Scales
B.1 Sound pressure level
B.2 Weighting of the sound pressure level
C Damping
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Damping Quantities (Definitions, Interpretations)
C.3 Measurement of damping properties of structures
C.3.1 Decay curve method
C.3.2 Bandwidth method
C.3.3 Conclusions
C.4 Damping mechanisms in reinforced concrete
C.5 Overall damping of a structure
C.5.1 Damping of the bare structure
C.5.2 Damping by non-structural elements
C.5.3 Damping by energy radiation to the soil
C.5.4 Overall damping
D Tuned vibration absorbers
D.1 Definition
D.2 Modelling and differential equations of motion
D.3 Optimum tuning and optimum damping of the absorber
D.4 Practical hints
E Wave Propagation
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Wave types and propagation velocities
E.3 Attenuation laws
F Behaviour of concrete and steel under dynamic actions
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Behaviour of concrete
F.2.1 Modulus of elasticity
F.2.2 Compressive strength
F.2.3 Ultimate strain in compression
F.2.4 Tensile strength
F.2.5 Ultimate strain in tension
F.2.6 Bond between reinforcing steel and concrete
F.3 Behaviour of reinforcing steel
F.3.1 Modulus of Elasticity
F.3.2 Strength in Tension
F.3.3 Strain in tension
G Dynamic forces from rhythmical human body motions
G.1 Rhythmical human body motions
G.2 Representative types of activity
G.3 Normalised dynamic forces
H Dynamic effects from wind
H.1 Basic theory
H.l.1 Wind speed and pressure
H.l.2 Statistical characteristics
a) Gust spectrum
b) Aerodynamic admittance function
c) Spectral density of the wind force
H.1.3 Dynamic effects
H.2 Vibrations in along-wind direction induced by gusts
H.2.1 Spectral methods
a) Mechanical amplification function
b) Spectral density of the system response
H.2.2 Static equivalent force method based on stochastic loading
H.2.3 Static equivalent force method based on deterministic loading
H.2.4 Remedial measures
H.3 Vibrations in along-wind direction induced by buffeting
H.4 Vibrations in across-wind direction induced by vortex-shedding
H.4.1 Single structures
H.4.2 Several structures one behind another
H.4.3 Conical structures
H.4.4 Vibrations of shells
H.5 Vibrations in across-wind direction: Galloping
H.6 Vibrations in across-wind direction: flutter
H.7 Damping of high and slender RC structures subjected to wind
I Human response to vibrations
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Codes of practice
I.2.1 ISO 2631
I.2.2 DIN 4150/2
J Building response to vibrations
J.1 General
J.2 Examples of recommended limit values
References to the Appendices
List of Codes and Standards