Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems

List of Contributors xi
 
Preface xii
 
Acknowledgements xv
 
1 Introduction 1
Satish K. Sharma and Jia-Chi S. Chieh
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 Antenna: an Integral Component of Wireless Communications 1
 
1.3 Antenna Performance Parameters 2
 
1.4 Antenna Types 2
 
1.5 Multifunctional Antennas 3
 
1.6 Reconfigurable Antennas 6
 
1.7 Frequency Agile/Tunable Antenna 13
 
1.8 Antenna Measurements 17
 
1.9 Conclusion 18
 
References 18
 
2 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas 19
Saeed I. Latif and Satish K. Sharma
 
2.1 Introduction 19
 
2.2 Mechanism of Frequency Reconfigurability 20
 
2.3 Types of FRAs 21
 
2.3.1 Frequency Reconfigurability by Switches/Tunable Components 21
 
2.3.1.1 Electrical Switches 22
 
2.3.1.2 Varactor Diodes 31
 
2.3.1.3 Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) Switches 40
 
2.3.1.4 Optical Switches 40
 
2.3.1.5 Ground Plane Membrane Deflection 43
 
2.3.2 Frequency Reconfigurability Using Special Materials 43
 
2.3.2.1 Liquid Crystals 45
 
2.3.2.2 Graphene 47
 
2.3.3 Frequency Reconfigurability by Mechanical Changes 49
 
2.3.3.1 Actuators 49
 
2.3.3.2 Motors 50
 
2.3.4 Frequency Reconfigurability Using Special Shapes 53
 
2.3.4.1 Origami Antennas 53
 
2.3.4.2 Fractal Shapes 54
 
2.4 FRAs in the Future: Applications in Emerging Technologies 58
 
2.5 Conclusion 59
 
References 59
 
3 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 67
Sima Noghanian and Satish K. Sharma
 
3.1 Introduction 67
 
3.2 Pattern Reconfigurable by Electronically Changing Antenna Elements 67
 
3.3 Pattern Reconfigurable by Electronically Changing Feeding Network 88
 
3.4 Mechanically Controlled Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 90
 
3.5 Arrays and Optimizations 98
 
3.6 Reconfigurable Wearable

Satish K. Sharma, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, California, USA. He is also Director of the Antenna and Microwave Laboratory (AML) at the SDSU. He served as the Associate Editor (AE) for the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation and is now serving as the AE for the IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and URSI.
 
Jia-Chi S. Chieh, PhD, has been working in the area of Antennas and RF Wireless Communications at the Naval Information Warfare Center in San Diego since 2004. He is also an Adjunct Faculty member at the SDSU with the Antenna and Microwave Laboratory (AML). Dr. Chieh has worked extensively in the area of phased array antennas over the past decade. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE.