Airborne Measurements for Environmental Research

1 Introduction2 Thermodynamic and Dynamic Parameters2.1 Introduction2.2 Historical2.3 Aircraft State Parameters2.4 Static Air Pressure2.5 Static Air Temperature2.6 Water Vapor Measurements2.7 Three Dimensional Wind Vector2.8 Flux Measurements2.9 Small Scale Turbulence3 In Situ Trace Gas Measurements3.1 Rationale and Historical Perspective3.2 Introduction3.3 Spectroscopic Techniques3.4 Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry3.5 Chemical Conversion Techniques3.6 Whole Air Sampling and Chromatographic Techniques4 In Situ Measurements of Aerosol Particles4.1 Physical Characterization of Aerosol Particles4.2 Aerosol Particle Number Concentration4.3 Aerosol Particle Size Distribution4.4 Aerosol Chemistry4.5 Optical Properties of Aerosols4.6 Cloud Condensation and Ice Nuclei4.7 Challenges and Emerging Techniques5 In Situ Measurements of Cloud and Precipitation Particles5.1 Overview5.2 Single Particle Size Distributions and Morphology5.3 Integral Properties of an Ensemble of Particles5.4 Measurement Issues5.5 Emerging Technologies6 Aerosol and Cloud Particle Sampling6.1 Introduction6.2 Aircraft Influence6.3 Aerosol Particle Sampling6.4 Cloud Particle Sampling6.5 Summary and Guidelines7 Radiation Measurements7.1 Motivation7.2 Fundamentals7.3 Solar Radiation7.4 Terrestrial Radiation7.5 Microwave (MW) Radiation8 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing8.1 Introduction8.2 Definition8.3 Development and History8.4 HRS Sensors8.5 Potential and Applications8.6 Sensor Principles8.7 Planning of an HRS Mission8.8 Data Analysis8.9 Sensor Calibration8.10 Summary and Conclusion9 LIDAR and RADAR Observations9.1 Historical Perspective9.2 Introduction9.3 Principles of LIDAR and RADAR Remote Sensing9.4 LIDAR Atmospheric Observations and Related Systems9.5 Cloud and Precipitation Observations with RADAR9.6 Results of Airborne RADAR Observations - Some Examples9.7 Parameters Derived from Combined Use of LIDAR and RADAR9.8 Conclusion and PerspectivesAppendix A (please find it online)

Manfred Wendisch is Professor at the Institute for Atmospheric Physics at the University of Mainz, Germany. He carried out research projects at the Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT) in Leipzig and at the NASA Ames Center; NASA awared him a Group Achievement Award.

Jean-Louis Brenguier is Director of the Experimental and Instrumental meteorology Group of the French Meteorological Service, and Coordinator of the European facilities for Airborne Research (EUFAR). His research activities comprise aerosol detection.

Both authors are highly regarded with the community.