Women In Early Modern England, 1500-1700 (PDF)
(Sprache: Englisch)
This concise introduction provides an overview of the state of research on women's history in the early modern period. It emcompasses a guide to the historiography, an assessment of the major debates, and information about the varied sources available for...
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This concise introduction provides an overview of the state of research on women's history in the early modern period. It emcompasses a guide to the historiography, an assessment of the major debates, and information about the varied sources available for women's history in this period. Arranged around familiar themes - the family, work, religion, education - the book presents a comprehensive survey of the social, economic and political position of women in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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CHAPTER SEVEN The family (p. 58-59)
Early modern theorists believed that womens proper sphere was the family where they could fulfil their roles as dutiful daughters, wives and widows. The advice in conduct books and the educational theories about women were largely based on the assumption that they would marry and raise a family of their own. These beliefs were reinforced by medical thinking about the biological nature of women, who were thought to be at risk of severe physical and mental illness if they did not engage in regular sexual relations (Eccles 1982). This dovetailed with the popular belief that women were sexually voracious, which surfaced in ribald ballads and the more misogynistic literature of the day. Moralists and medical writers argued that womens sexuality should be satisfied within the bounds of marriage and in The womans doctor (1652) Nicholas Fontanus argued that wives are more healthful than widows or virgins, because they are refreshed with the mans seed and ejaculate their own, which being excluded, the cause of the evil is taken away.
Despite these assumptions, marriage patterns were governed by economic conditions and a large proportion of the population never married, in part because of the expense of setting up a new household. Womens experience of family life varied considerably according to their social class, which affected their age at first marriage, the frequency of their pregnancies, their chances of remarriage as widows and the size of their households. At all social levels, however, women were active participants in the process of family formation and in the rituals which marked important lifecycle events such as marriage, birth and death (Cressy 1997; Hallam 1996).
Statistics about marriage formation and sexual behaviour in this period can never be absolutely accurate, because of the absence of complete data. It has been estimated, however, that in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
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the percentage of the population which remained unmarried varied from between four and five per cent to perhaps as much as 25 per cent, with the highest levels coinciding with a period when real wages fell sharply in the first half of the seventeenth century (Wrigley & Schofield 1989). Not surprisingly, illegitimacy rates also peaked at about the same time and at their highest, around 1600, represented at least 4.5 per cent of all births. Overall illegitimacy accounted for between 1.5 per cent and 2 per cent of births in the years 15001700 and it was regarded by contemporaries as a problem affecting the poorer ranks in society.
Adairs research, based on baptismal records, has revealed considerable regional variations in the incidence of illegitimacy throughout the period, with the highest levels in the north-west and the lowest in the east and south-east of England. Although these may have been caused by economic considerations, Adair suggests that different patterns of courtship played a part, with greater acceptance of trial marriage or lengthy courtship in the highland regions than in the lowlands. Attempts to detect and punish bastardy and other illicit sexual behaviour became more energetic in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, although this too was subject to regional variations. The crackdown on extra-marital sex and other disorders has been associated with the spread of puritanism, but those areas most affected by economic pressures often proved more active in prosecuting offenders in order to prevent the poor from having children they could not support (Laslett 1977; Adair 1996; Quaife 1979; Ingram 1987).
Adairs research, based on baptismal records, has revealed considerable regional variations in the incidence of illegitimacy throughout the period, with the highest levels in the north-west and the lowest in the east and south-east of England. Although these may have been caused by economic considerations, Adair suggests that different patterns of courtship played a part, with greater acceptance of trial marriage or lengthy courtship in the highland regions than in the lowlands. Attempts to detect and punish bastardy and other illicit sexual behaviour became more energetic in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, although this too was subject to regional variations. The crackdown on extra-marital sex and other disorders has been associated with the spread of puritanism, but those areas most affected by economic pressures often proved more active in prosecuting offenders in order to prevent the poor from having children they could not support (Laslett 1977; Adair 1996; Quaife 1979; Ingram 1987).
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Jacqueline Eales
- 1998, 144 Seiten, Englisch
- ISBN-10: 0203980506
- ISBN-13: 9780203980507
- Erscheinungsdatum: 14.04.1998
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