Phenological Research

Dedication.- Contributing Authors.- Forward.- 1. Introduction and overview. 1.1 History. 1.2 Current issues in phenology. 1.3 Aims of this book; MR Keatley, IL Hudson.- 2. Global Framework for data collection - data bases, data availability, future networks, online databases; E Koch.- 3. Seasonality as a core business of phenology. 3.1 Seasons as genuine phenological units. 3.2 Seasonal patterns describe the annual rhythm. 3.3 The phenological season diagram. 3.4 Seasons at a glance; F Jeanneret, T Rutishauser.- 4. Societal adaptation options to changes in phenology. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Phenological changes: impact and required adaptation. 4.2.1 Primary Production Sectors. 4.2.2 Public Health. 4.3 Successful adaptation requires answers to four questions. 4.4 Contribution of phenological networks to the adaptation process. 4.4.1 Phenological monitoring. 4.4.2 Phenological analysis. 4.4 Conclusions; AJH van Vliet.- 5. The influence of sampling method, sample size, and frequency of observations on plant phenological patterns and interpretation in tropical forest trees. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Methods. 5.2.1. Frequency of observations. 5.2.2 Sample size. 5.2.3. Comparison of sampling and estimation methods. 5.2.4. Phenological observations. 5.2.5. Data analyses. 5.3. Results. 5.3.1. Frequency of observations. 5.3.2 Sample Size. 5.3.3. Comparison of sampling methods. 5.4. Discussion and concluding remarks; LPC Morellato et al.- 6. Regression and causality. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 An example dataset. 6.3 Linear regression. 6.4 Polynomial regression. 6.5 Some alternative ways of identifying trends. 6.6 Effects of starting year, end year and duration. 6.7 Multiple regression: Relations with temperature. 6.8 Comparing slopes. 6.9 Final thoughts; T Sparks, P Tryjanowski.- 7. Combining messyphenological time series. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Linear Models of phenological time series. 7.2.1 Linear Models. 7.2.2 Fixed and mixed effects models. 7.2.3 Practical issues and the R