AIDS Update: An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(Sprache: Englisch)
AIDS UPDATE 2011 presents a balanced review of current research and information on HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. AIDS UPDATE 2011 places discussion within a biological, medical, and social framework, helping readers more fully understand this devastating pandemic.
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Klappentext zu „AIDS Update: An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome “
AIDS UPDATE 2011 presents a balanced review of current research and information on HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. AIDS UPDATE 2011 places discussion within a biological, medical, and social framework, helping readers more fully understand this devastating pandemic.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „AIDS Update: An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome “
ContentsAbout the Author iii
A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis x
AIDS UPDATE 2011 xx
Preface xxii
Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day 1
Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens! 1
History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics 1
Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame? 2
Imagine a World without AIDS 2
Overview of HIV/AIDS 4
AIDS: A Unique Disease 5
AIDS: A Cause of Death 5
Another Anniversary 6
Other Anniversaries 6
International AIDS Conferences 6
Means of Remembering 7
The 27th Candlelight Memorial 8
Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States 8
Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States 10
World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect 10
The Future 11
National AIDS Hotlines 12
Useful Internet Addresses 13
1 AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause 15
The New Millennium 15
AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome? 16
First Reaction to AIDS: Denial 17
What Causes AIDS? 18
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports 20
Discovery of What Causes AIDS 21
Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance 22
Summary 24
Review Questions 25
2 What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus 26
The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 26
HIV Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View 26
... mehr
News Flash 2010-Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following Complaints Made After He and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing That There Is "As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS" 32
Dissidents (AIDS Does't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause) 32
Summary of the HIV/AIDS Dissidents' Viewpoints 33
Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS 33
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus 35
Summary on the Origin of HIV 42
Summary 43
Review Questions 43
3 Biological Characteristics of HIV 44
Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate 44
Viruses Are Parasites 44
Viruses Specific to Cell Type 45
How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS? 46
Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell 47
HIV Fitness 48
The HIV Life Cycle 49
Understanding How HIV Works 49
How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell 50
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins 58
Summary 61
Review Questions 61
4 Anti-HIV Therapy 62
Better Drugs, BEtter Technologies, and Lingering Problems 63
Anti-HIV Therapy 63
The Good News About ART 64
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval 67
The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval 67
FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors 71
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 71
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors 73
Entry Inhibitors and Problems 75
Integrase Inhibitors 76
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants 76
Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors 77
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance 79
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS 86
Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART) 87
Update 2010 94
Summary 94
Disclaimer 95
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines 96
Review Questions 96
5 The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS 98
The Immune System 98
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells 101
Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means 104
The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters 104
Antibodies and HIV Disease 109
Cellular MicroRNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells 112
Immune System Dysfunction 113
Original Antigenic Sin 113
The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4) 116
CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor 116
Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities 117
In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection 119
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression 120
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion 121
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection 122
Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected? 123
Summary 126
Review Questions 127
6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS 128
What Is an Opportunistic Disease? 128
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases 129
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People 130
TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide 141
Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients 141
Disclaimer 146
Summary 147
Review Questions 147
7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS 148
What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS 148
HIV Disease Defined 149
Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy) 153
HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS 158
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies 159
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression 163
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 166
Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients 167
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms 168
Summary 168
Review Questions 168
8 Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 170
Epidemic/Epidemiology 171
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! 173
Epidemiology of HIV Infection 173
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2) 176
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? 176
HIV Transmission 176
HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings 177
Noncasual Transmission 177
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection 187
The Biological Factor 193
Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission 199
United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU) 199
Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries 202
Other Means of HIV Transmission 206
Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa 207
Pediatric Transmission 214
Conclusion 215
National AIDS Resources
Summary 216
Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected 217
Review Questions 217
9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV 219
The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!" 220
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS 221
Global Prevention 222
Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact on Prevention, But We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic 223
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic 228
Preventing the Transmission of HIV 229
Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity 232
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For! 235
The Male Condom 238
The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch) 241
An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision 245
Update 2010-The CAPRISA 004 Study Results 246
Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Trransmission 246
Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics 247
HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users 248
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission 251
Infection Control Procedures 252
Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure 253
The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV 254
The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases 258
HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention 258
How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work 260
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines 262
DNA Vaccine 264
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine 264
September 2009-News Broke That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found! 265
Summary 266
Review Questions 268
10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries 269
A Word about HIV/AIDS Data 271
Year 2011 273
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections 276
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation 277
September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day 290
Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection 291
Newly Infected 292
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States 293
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States 298
Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality 298
Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000 300
Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million 300
United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2009: Population 61 Million 301
Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS 304
Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics
Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples 307
Education: Teachers and Students-South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa 307
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia 308
Summary 312
Review Questions 313
11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children 314
HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women 315
Female Vulnerability to HIV 316
Every Day a Tragedy 316
Triple Jeopardy 316
Annual International Women's Day-March 8 316
Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide 317
Asia-Pacific Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive: 2010 318
Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States 320
Childbearing Women: Worldwide 331
Internet Resources 332
Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win! 333
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS 334
The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans 336
Summary 340
Review Questions 341
12 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24 342
Global HIV Infections in Young Adults 342
Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults 343
How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States? 345
HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us! 347
Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally 347
Summary 355
Internet 355/p>
Other Useful Sources 355
Review Questions 355
13 Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus 356
Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present 358
Requests for HIV Testing 358
Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test 358
Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV 360
ELISA HIV Antibody Test 361
Western Blot Assay 367
New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection 369
Rapid Result HIV Testing 372
FDA Approves Home HIV Antibody Test Kit 375
Some Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV 375
Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When 376
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary? 378
Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted 378
Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent 380
Summary 387
Review Questions 387
14 AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior 389
HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime 390
The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS 391
HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease 392
Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support 392
HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay 392
AIDS Comes to the United States 393
Blame Someone, DZj^ Vu 393
Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States 394
Whom Is the General Public to Believe? 396
AIDS Education and Behavior: Dissipating Fear with Education 400
The Character of Society 409
Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act 411
Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry 413
U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security 414
Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations 419
Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS 425
Summary 431
Review Questions 432
Answers to Review Questions 434
Glossary 442
References 453
Index 480
News Flash 2010-Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following Complaints Made After He and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing That There Is "As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS" 32
Dissidents (AIDS Does't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause) 32
Summary of the HIV/AIDS Dissidents' Viewpoints 33
Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS 33
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus 35
Summary on the Origin of HIV 42
Summary 43
Review Questions 43
3 Biological Characteristics of HIV 44
Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate 44
Viruses Are Parasites 44
Viruses Specific to Cell Type 45
How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS? 46
Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell 47
HIV Fitness 48
The HIV Life Cycle 49
Understanding How HIV Works 49
How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell 50
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins 58
Summary 61
Review Questions 61
4 Anti-HIV Therapy 62
Better Drugs, BEtter Technologies, and Lingering Problems 63
Anti-HIV Therapy 63
The Good News About ART 64
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval 67
The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval 67
FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors 71
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 71
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors 73
Entry Inhibitors and Problems 75
Integrase Inhibitors 76
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants 76
Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors 77
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance 79
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS 86
Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART) 87
Update 2010 94
Summary 94
Disclaimer 95
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines 96
Review Questions 96
5 The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS 98
The Immune System 98
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells 101
Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means 104
The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters 104
Antibodies and HIV Disease 109
Cellular MicroRNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells 112
Immune System Dysfunction 113
Original Antigenic Sin 113
The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4) 116
CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor 116
Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities 117
In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection 119
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression 120
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion 121
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection 122
Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected? 123
Summary 126
Review Questions 127
6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS 128
What Is an Opportunistic Disease? 128
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases 129
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People 130
TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide 141
Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients 141
Disclaimer 146
Summary 147
Review Questions 147
7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS 148
What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS 148
HIV Disease Defined 149
Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy) 153
HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS 158
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies 159
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression 163
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 166
Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients 167
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms 168
Summary 168
Review Questions 168
8 Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 170
Epidemic/Epidemiology 171
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! 173
Epidemiology of HIV Infection 173
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2) 176
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? 176
HIV Transmission 176
HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings 177
Noncasual Transmission 177
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection 187
The Biological Factor 193
Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission 199
United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU) 199
Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries 202
Other Means of HIV Transmission 206
Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa 207
Pediatric Transmission 214
Conclusion 215
National AIDS Resources
Summary 216
Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected 217
Review Questions 217
9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV 219
The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!" 220
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS 221
Global Prevention 222
Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact on Prevention, But We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic 223
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic 228
Preventing the Transmission of HIV 229
Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity 232
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For! 235
The Male Condom 238
The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch) 241
An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision 245
Update 2010-The CAPRISA 004 Study Results 246
Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Trransmission 246
Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics 247
HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users 248
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission 251
Infection Control Procedures 252
Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure 253
The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV 254
The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases 258
HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention 258
How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work 260
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines 262
DNA Vaccine 264
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine 264
September 2009-News Broke That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found! 265
Summary 266
Review Questions 268
10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries 269
A Word about HIV/AIDS Data 271
Year 2011 273
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections 276
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation 277
September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day 290
Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection 291
Newly Infected 292
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States 293
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States 298
Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality 298
Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000 300
Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million 300
United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2009: Population 61 Million 301
Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS 304
Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics
Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples 307
Education: Teachers and Students-South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa 307
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia 308
Summary 312
Review Questions 313
11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children 314
HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women 315
Female Vulnerability to HIV 316
Every Day a Tragedy 316
Triple Jeopardy 316
Annual International Women's Day-March 8 316
Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide 317
Asia-Pacific Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive: 2010 318
Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States 320
Childbearing Women: Worldwide 331
Internet Resources 332
Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win! 333
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS 334
The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans 336
Summary 340
Review Questions 341
12 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24 342
Global HIV Infections in Young Adults 342
Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults 343
How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States? 345
HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us! 347
Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally 347
Summary 355
Internet 355/p>
Other Useful Sources 355
Review Questions 355
13 Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus 356
Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present 358
Requests for HIV Testing 358
Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test 358
Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV 360
ELISA HIV Antibody Test 361
Western Blot Assay 367
New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection 369
Rapid Result HIV Testing 372
FDA Approves Home HIV Antibody Test Kit 375
Some Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV 375
Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When 376
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary? 378
Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted 378
Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent 380
Summary 387
Review Questions 387
14 AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior 389
HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime 390
The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS 391
HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease 392
Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support 392
HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay 392
AIDS Comes to the United States 393
Blame Someone, DZj^ Vu 393
Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States 394
Whom Is the General Public to Believe? 396
AIDS Education and Behavior: Dissipating Fear with Education 400
The Character of Society 409
Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act 411
Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry 413
U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security 414
Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations 419
Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS 425
Summary 431
Review Questions 432
Answers to Review Questions 434
Glossary 442
References 453
Index 480
... weniger
Autoren-Porträt von Gerald J. Stine
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Gerald J. Stine
- 2010, 511 Seiten, mit Abbildungen, Maße: 18,5 x 22,9 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: McGraw-Hill Education
- ISBN-10: 0073527637
- ISBN-13: 9780073527635
Sprache:
Englisch
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