Alexander the Great and His Empire

List of Illustrations vii Translator's Note ix Foreword to the American Edition xi Acknowledgments xxi Introduction: Alexander before the Expedition to Asia Minor (356-334) 1 Chapter I: The Major Stages of the Conquest (334-323) 7 From Granicus to the Fall of Tyre (May 334-Summer 332) 7 From Tyre to the Euphrates (Summer 332-Summer 331) 10 The End of Darius and the Final Submission of Greece (Summer 331-Summer 330) 12 Guerillas in the Eastern Satrapies and Macedonian Opposition (Summer 330-Spring 327) 14 The Conquest of India and the Return via the Persian Gulf (327-325) 20 The Last Years (324-323) 22 Chapter II: The Origins and Objectives of the Conquest 24 The Unsatisfactory Nature of Explanations Based on Personality and Psychology 25 The Heritage of Philip II 28 Alexander and the Royal Territories of the Achaemenids 32 "War of Liberation" and "War of Reprisal": The Limits of Alexander's Philhellenism 33 The Conquest of India and Return via the Persian Gulf 37 The Problem of the "Last Plans" 38 Chapter III: Resistance to the Conquest 42 The Resistance of Darius (334-330) 42 Underground Resistance and Open Revolt in Greece 52 Resistance and Reprisals in the Eastern Satrapies (330-327) 54 The Discontent of the Macedonian Soldiery (330-324) 63 Chapter IV: The Administration, Defense, and Exploitation of the Conquered Lands 67 The Different Degrees of Royal Authority 68 Territorial Control and the Management of the Population 80 Conquest and "Economic Development" 83 Chapter V: Alexander among Macedonians, Greeks, and Iranians 101 Conquest and Surrender: Contradiction and Opposition 102 A Policy for the Future (325-323) 126 Conclusion: The King Is Dead! Long Live the King? 139 An Introductory Bibliography 145 Appendix: The History of Alexander Today: A Provisional Assessment and Some Future Directions 153 Index of Toponyms 187 General Index 190

Pierre Briant is the Professor of the History and Civilization of the Achaemenid World and the Empire of Alexander the Great at the Collège de France. His many books include From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire.

This is now the best introduction to the history of Alexander the Great in English. -- Choice Pierre Briant's Alexander the Great and His Empire may be short, but it is of a wholly different order of seriousness from that of Mr. Freeman: an analysis less of Alexander himself than of his record as a state-builder and in particular of the debt that he owed to his Achaemenid predecessors... Mr. Briant is one of the most brilliant historians of antiquity at work today, a scholar whose corpus of researches into the Persian Empire has enabled us to understand its overthrow from the perspective of the defeated as well as the victor. -- Tom Holland, Wall Street Journal