C++ for Programmers

Attributes in the ATM System 122 4.12 Wrap-Up 127 Chapter 5: Control Statements: Part 2 128 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 129 5.3 for Repetition Statement 131 5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 134 5.5 do...while Repetition Statement 139 5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 141 5.7 break and continue Statements 151 5.8 Logical Operators 153 5.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 158 5.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Objects' States and Activities in the ATM System 159 5.11 Wrap-Up 163 Chapter 6: Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 165 6.1 Introduction 166 6.2 Program Components in C++ 167 6.3 Math Library Functions 167 6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 168 6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 173 6.6 C++ Standard Library Header Files 176 6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 178 6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 184 6.9 Storage Classes 187 6.10 Scope Rules 190 6.11 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 193 6.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 197 6.13 Inline Functions 198 6.14 References and Reference Parameters 200 6.15 Default Arguments 205 6.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 207 6.17 Function Overloading 208 6.18 Function Templates 211 6.19 Recursion 213 6.20 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 217 6.21 Recursion vs. Iteration 220 6.22 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Operations in the ATM System 222 6.23 Wrap-Up 229 Chapter 7: Arrays and Vectors 230 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 Arrays 232 7.3 Declaring Arrays 234 7.4 Examples Using Arrays 234 7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 250 7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 255 7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search 262 7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort 263 7.9 Multidimensional Arrays 265 7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 268 7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 275 7.12 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Collaboration Among Objects in the ATM System 281 7.13 Wrap-Up 288 Chapter 8: Pointers and Pointer-Based Strings 289 8.1 Introduction 290 8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 290 8.3 Pointer Operators 292 8.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers 295 8.5 Using const with Pointers 299 8.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 306 8.7 sizeof Operator 309 8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 312 8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays 315 8.10 Arrays of Pointers 319 8.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 320 8.12 Function Pointers 324 8.13 Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing 330 8.14 Wrap-Up 340 Chapter 9: Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 342 9.1 Introduction 343 9.2 Time Class Case Study 344 9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 350 9.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 352 9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 353 9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 356 9.7 Destructors 361 9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 362 9.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap-Returning a Reference to a private Data Member 366 9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 368 9.11 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System 371 9.12 Wrap-Up 378 Chapter 10: Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 380 10.1 Introduction 381 10.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 381 10.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 391 10.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 398 10.5 Using the this Pointer 402 10.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete 407 10.7 static Class Members 409 10.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 415 10.9 Container Classes and Iterators 418 10.10 Proxy Classes 418 10.11 Wrap-Up 422 Chapter 11: Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects 423 11.1 Introduction 424 11.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 425 11.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 426 11.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions 428 11.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 429 11.6 Overloading Unary Operators 433 11.7 Overloading Binary Operators 433 11.8 Case Study: Array Class 434 11.9 Converting between Types 446 11.10 Case Study: String Class 447 11.11 Overloading ++ and -- 459 11.12 Case Study: A Date Class 461 11.13 Standard Library Class string 465 11.14 explicit Constructors 469 11.15 Wrap-Up 473 Chapter 12: Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 474 12.1 Introduction 475 12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 476 12.3 protected Members 479 12.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 479 12.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 511 12.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 519 12.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 519 12.8 Wrap-Up 521 Chapter 13: Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 522 13.1 Introduction 523 13.2 Polymorphism Examples 525 13.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 526 13.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 544 13.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 544 13.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 546 13.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding "Under the Hood" 564 13.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 568 13.9 Virtual Destructors 571 13.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System 572 13.11 Wrap-Up 580 Chapter 14 Templates 581 14.1 Introduction 582 14.2 Function Templates 583 14.3 Overloading Function Templates 586 14.4 Class Templates 586 14.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates 593 14.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance 594 14.7 Notes on Templates and Friends 594 14.8 Notes on Templates and static Members 595 14.9 Wrap-Up 596 Chapter 15: Stream Input/Output 597 15.1 Introduction 598 15.2 Streams 599 15.3 Stream Output 603 15.4 Stream Input 604 15.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 608 15.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 609 15.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 615 15.8 Stream Error States 625 15.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 628 15.10 Wrap-Up 628 Chapter 16: Exception Handling 629 16.1 Introduction 630 16.2 Exception-Handling Overview 631 16.3 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 631 16.4 When to Use Exception Handling 637 16.5 Rethrowing an Exception 638 16.6 Exception Specifications 640 16.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions 641 16.8 Stack Unwinding 641 16.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 643 16.10 Exceptions and Inheritance 644 16.11 Processing new Failures 644 16.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 648 16.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 651 16.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques 652 16.15 Wrap-Up 653 Chapter 17: File Processing 654 17.1 Introduction 655 17.2 Data Hierarchy 655 17.3 Files and Streams 657 17.4 Creating a Sequential File 658 17.5 Reading Data from a Sequential File 662 17.6 Updating Sequential Files 669 17.7 Random-Access Files 669 17.8 Creating a Random-Access File 670 17.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 675 17.10 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 677 17.11 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program 680 17.12 Overview of Object Serialization 687 17.13 Wrap-Up 687 Chapter 18: Class string and String Stream Processing 688 18.1 Introduction 689 18.2 string Assignment and Concatenation 690 18.3 Comparing strings 692 18.4 Substrings 695 18.5 Swapping strings 696 18.6 string Characteristics 697 18.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 699 18.8 Replacing Characters in a string 701 18.9 Inserting Characters into a string 703 18.10 Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings 704 18.11 Iterators 706 18.12 String Stream Processing 707 18.13 Wrap-Up 710 Chapter 19: Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs 711 19.1 Introduction 712 19.2 Structure Definitions 712 19.3 Initializing Structures 715 19.4 Using Structures with Functions 715 19.5 typedef 715 19.6 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 716 19.7 Bitwise Operators 719 19.8 Bit Fields 728 19.9 Character-Handling Library 732 19.10 Pointer-Based String-Conversion Functions 738 19.11 Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 743 19.12 Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 748 19.13 Wrap-Up 753 Chapter 20: Standard Template Library (STL) 754 20.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) 756 20.2 Sequence Containers 768 20.3 Associative Containers 782 20.4 Container Adapters 791 20.5 Algorithms 796 20.6 Class bitset 827 20.7 Function Objects 831 20.8 Wrap-Up 834 20.9 STL Web Resources 835 Chapter 21: Boost Libraries, Technical Report 1 and C++0x 836 21.1 Introduction 837 21.2 Deitel Online C++ and Related Resource Centers 837 21.3 Boost Libraries 838 21.4 Adding a New Library to Boost 838 21.5 Installing the Boost Libraries 839 21.6 Boost Libraries in Technical Report 1 (TR1) 839 21.7 Regular Expressions with the Boost.Regex Library 842 21.8 Smart Pointers with Boost.Smart_ptr 851 21.9 Technical Report 1 862 21.10 C++0x 863 21.11 Core Language Changes 863 21.12 Wrap-Up 868 Chapter 22: Other Topics 869 22.1 Introduction 870 22.2 const_cast Operator 870 22.3 namespaces 872 22.4 Operator Keywords 876 22.5 mutable Class Members 878 22.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*) 880 22.7 Multiple Inheritance 882 22.8 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes 887 22.9 Wrap-Up 891 Appendix A: Operator Precedence and Associativity Chart 892 A.1 Operator Precedence 892 Appendix B: ASCII Character Set 895 Appendix C: Fundamental Types 896 Appendix D: Preprocessor 898 D.1 Introduction 899 D.2 The #include Preprocessor Directive 899 D.3 The #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 900 D.4 The #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 900 D.5 Conditional Compilation 902 D.6 The #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 903 D.7 Operators # and ## 904 D.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants 904 D.9 Assertions 905 D.10 Wrap-Up 905 Appendix E: ATM Case Study Code 906 E.1 ATM Case Study Implementation 906 E.2 Class ATM 907 E.3 Class Screen 914 E.4 Class Keypad 915 E.5 Class CashDispenser 916 E.6 Class DepositSlot 918 E.7 Class Account 919 E.8 Class BankDatabase 921 E.9 Class Transaction 925 E.10 Class BalanceInquiry 927 E.11 Class Withdrawal 929 E.12 Class Deposit 934 E.13 Test Program ATMCaseStudy.cpp 937 E.14 Wrap-Up 937 Appendix F: UML 2: Additional Diagram Types 938 F.1 Introduction 938 F.2 Additional Diagram Types 938 Appendix G: Using the Visual Studio Debugger 940 G.1 Introduction 941 G.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command 941 G.3 Locals and Watch Windows 946 G.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands 949 G.5 Autos Window 952 G.6 Wrap-Up 953 Appendix H: Using the GNU C++ Debugger 954 H.1 Introduction 955 H.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands 955 H.3 print and set Commands 962 H.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next Commands 964 H.5 watch Command 966 H.6 Wrap-Up 968 Bibliography 970 Index 976