C++ How to Program, w. CD-ROM

115 4.6 if!else Double-Selection Statement 117 4.7 while Repetition Statement 122 4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 123 4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 129 4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 139 4.11 Assignment Operators 144 4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 144 4.13 Wrap-Up 148 5 Control Statements: Part 2 163 5.1 Introduction 164 5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 164 5.3 for Repetition Statement 166 5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 170 5.5 do!while Repetition Statement 174 5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 176 5.7 break and continue Statements 185 5.8 Logical Operators 187 5.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 191 5.10 Structured Programming Summary 192 5.11 Wrap-Up 197 6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 207 6.1 Introduction 208 6.2 Program Components in C++ 209 6.3 Math Library Functions 210 6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 211 6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 216 6.6 C++ Standard Library Header Files 218 6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 220 6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 225 6.9 Storage Classes 229 6.10 Scope Rules 231 6.11 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 235 6.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 238 6.13 Inline Functions 239 6.14 References and Reference Parameters 241 6.15 Default Arguments 245 6.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 247 6.17 Function Overloading 248 6.18 Function Templates 251 6.19 Recursion 253 6.20 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 256 6.21 Recursion vs. Iteration 259 6.22 Wrap-Up 262 7 Arrays and Vectors 282 7.1 Introduction 283 7.2 Arrays 284 7.3 Declaring Arrays 285 7.4 Examples Using Arrays 286 7.4.1 Declaring an Array and Using a Loop to Initialize the Array's Elements 286 7.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Declaration with an Initializer List 287 7.4.3 Specifying an Array's Size with a Constant Variable and Setting Array Elements with Calculations 288 7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 291 7.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 291 7.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 293 7.4.7 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results 294 7.4.8 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays 297 7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 299 7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 303 7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search 309 7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort 311 7.9 Multidimensional Arrays 313 7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 316 7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 323 7.12 Wrap-Up 328 8 Pointers 345 8.1 Introduction 346 8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 346 8.3 Pointer Operators 348 8.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers 350 8.5 Using const with Pointers 354 8.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 358 8.7 sizeof Operator 362 8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 365 8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays 367 8.10 Pointer-Based String Processing 370 8.11 Arrays of Pointers 373 8.12 Function Pointers 374 8.13 Wrap-Up 377 9 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 395 9.1 Introduction 396 9.2 Time Class Case Study 397 9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 403 9.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 405 9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 406 9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 409 9.7 Destructors 414 9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 415 9.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap--Returning a Reference to a private Data Member 418 9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 421 9.11 Wrap-Up 423 10 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 429 10.1 Introduction 430 10.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 430 10.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 439 10.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 445 10.5 Using the this Pointer 448 10.6 static Class Members 453 10.7 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 458 10.8 Wrap-Up 460 11 Operator Overloading 466 11.1 Introduction 467 11.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 468 11.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 469 11.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions 470 11.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 472 11.6 Overloading Unary Operators 475 11.7 Overloading Binary Operators 476 11.8 Dynamic Memory Management 476 11.9 Case Study: Array Class 478 11.10 Converting between Types 490 11.11 Building a String Class 491 11.12 Overloading ++ and -- 492 11.13 Case Study: A Date Class 494 11.14 Standard Library Class string 498 11.15 explicit Constructors 502 11.16 Proxy Classes 505 11.17 Wrap-Up 509 12 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 521 12.1 Introduction 522 12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 523 12.3 protected Members 526 12.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 526 12.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 527 12.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance 532 12.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee--BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 537 12.4.4 CommissionEmployee--BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data 542 12.4.5 CommissionEmployee--BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data 549 12.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 556 12.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 564 12.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 565 12.8 Wrap-Up 566 13 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 572 13.1 Introduction 573 13.2 Polymorphism Examples 574 13.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 575 13.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 576 13.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 583 13.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 584 13.3.4 Virtual Functions 586 13.3.5 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers 592 13.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 593 13.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 593 13.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 595 13.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 597 13.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 600 13.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 602 13.6.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 605 13.6.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 607 13.6.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 608 13.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding "Under the Hood" 612 13.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 616 13.9 Virtual Destructors 620 13.10 Wrap-Up 620 14 Templates 626 14.1 Introduction 627 14.2 Function Templates 628 14.3 Overloading Function Templates 631 14.4 Class Templates 631 14.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates 638 14.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance 639 14.7 Notes on Templates and Friends 639 14.8 Notes on Templates and static Members 640 14.9 Wrap-Up 640 15 Stream Input/Output 645 15.1 Introduction 646 15.2 Streams 647 15.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 647 15.2.2 iostream Library Header Files 648 15.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 648 15.3 Stream Output 651 15.3.1 Output of char * Variables 651 15.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 651 15.4 Stream Input 652 15.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 652 15.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 655 15.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 655 15.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 655 15.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 656 15.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 657 15.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 658 15.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 659 15.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 660 15.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 662 15.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 662 15.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 663 15.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 665 15.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 666 15.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 667 15.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 668 15.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 668 15.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags 669 15.8 Stream Error States 671 15.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 673 15.10 Wrap-Up 673 16 Exception Handling 683 16.1 Introduction 684 16.2 Exception-Handling Overview 685 16.3 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 685 16.4 When to Use Exception Handling 691 16.5 Rethrowing an Exception 692 16.6 Exception Specifications 694 16.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions 695 16.8 Stack Unwinding 695 16.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 697 16.10 Exceptions and Inheritance 698 16.11 Processing new Failures 698 16.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 701 16.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 703 16.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques 705 16.15 Wrap-Up 706 17 File Processing 713 17.1 Introduction 714 17.2 Data Hierarchy 714 17.3 Files and Streams 716 17.4 Creating a Sequential File 717 17.5 Reading Data from a Sequential File 721 17.6 Updating Sequential Files 726 17.7 Random-Access Files 727 17.8 Creating a Random-Access File 728 17.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 733 17.10 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 735 17.11 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program 737 17.12 Overview of Object Serialization 743 17.13 Wrap-Up 744 18 Class string and String Stream Processing 755 18.1 Introduction 756 18.2 string Assignment and Concatenation 757 18.3 Comparing strings 759 18.4 Substrings 762 18.5 Swapping strings 762 18.6 string Characteristics 763 18.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 766 18.8 Replacing Characters in a string 768 18.9 Inserting Characters into a string 769 18.10 Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings 770 18.11 Iterators 772 18.12 String Stream Processing 773 18.13 Wrap-Up 776 19 Searching and Sorting 784 19.1 Introduction 785 19.2 Searching Algorithms 786 19.2.1 Efficiency of Linear Search 786 19.2.2 Binary Search 788 19.3 Sorting Algorithms 793 19.3.1 Efficiency of Selection Sort 793 19.3.2 Efficiency of Insertion Sort 793 19.3.3 Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) 794 19.4 Wrap-Up 801 20 Data Structures 806 20.1 Introduction 807 20.2 Self-Referential Classes 808 20.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures 809 20.4 Linked Lists 809 20.5 Stacks 824 20.6 Queues 829 20.7 Trees 832 20.8 Wrap-Up 841 21 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs 852 21.1 Introduction 853 21.2 Structure Definitions 853 21.3 Initializing Structures 856 21.4 Using Structures with Functions 856 21.5 typedef 856 21.6 Example: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 857 21.7 Bitwise Operators 860 21.8 Bit Fields 869 21.9 Character-Handling Library 873 21.10 Pointer-Based String Manipulation Functions 878 21.11 Pointer-Based String-Conversion Functions 885 21.12 Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 890 21.13 Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 895 21.14 Wrap-Up 899 22 Standard Template Library (STL) 916 22.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) 917 22.1.1 Introduction to Containers 919 22.1.2 Introduction to Iterators 923 22.1.3 Introduction to Algorithms 928 22.2 Sequence Containers 930 22.2.1 vector Sequence Container 930 22.2.2 list Sequence Container 938 22.2.3 deque Sequence Container 942 22.3 Associative Containers 944 22.3.1 multiset Associative Container 944 22.3.2 set Associative Container 947 22.3.3 multimap Associative Container 948 22.3.4 map Associative Container 950 22.4 Container Adapters 952 22.4.1 stack Adapter 952 22.4.2 queue Adapter 954 22.4.3 priority_queue Adapter 955 22.5 Algorithms 957 22.5.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n 958 22.5.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare 959 22.5.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if 962 22.5.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if 964 22.5.5 Mathematical Algorithms 967 22.5.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms 970 22.5.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges 972 22.5.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse 973 22.5.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy 976 22.5.10 Set Operations 977 22.5.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range 980 22.5.12 Heapsort 982 22.5.13 min and max 985 22.5.14 STL Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter 986 22.6 Class bitset 987 22.7 Function Objects 991 22.8 Wrap-Up 994 22.9 STL Web Resources 995 Chapters on the Web 1005 Chapters 23--27 are PDF documents posted online at the book's Companion Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel). 23 Boost Libraries, Technical Report 1 and C++0x I 23.1 Introduction II 23.2 Deitel Online C++ and Related Resource Centers II 23.3 Boost Libraries II 23.4 Boost Libraries Overview III 23.5 Regular Expressions with the Boost.Regex Library VI 23.5.1 Regular Expression Example VI 23.5.2 Validating User Input with Regular Expressions IX 23.5.3 Replacing and Splitting Strings XII 23.6 Smart Pointers with Boost.Smart_ptr XIV 23.6.1 Reference Counted shared_ptr XIV 23.6.2 weak_ptr: shared_ptr Observer XIX 23.7 Technical Report 1 XXIV 23.8 C++0x XXVI 23.9 Core Language Changes XXVI 23.10 Wrap-Up XXXI 24 Other Topics XL 24.1 Introduction XLI 24.2 const_cast Operator XLI 24.3 mutable Class Members XLIII 24.4 namespaces XLV 24.5 Operator Keywords XLVIII 24.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*) L 24.7 Multiple Inheritance LII 24.8 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes LVII 24.9 Wrap-Up LXII 25 ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML LXVII 25.1 Introduction LXVIII 25.2 Examining the ATM Requirements Document LXVIII 25.3 Identifying the Classes in the ATM Requirements Document LXXVI 25.4 Identifying Class Attributes LXXXIII 25.5 Identifying Objects' States and Activities LXXXVII 25.6 Identifying Class Operations XCI 25.7 Indicating Collaboration Among Objects XCVIII 25.8 Wrap-Up CV 26 ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an Object-Oriented Design CIX 26.1 Introduction CX 26.2 Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System CX 26.3 Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System CXVII 26.4 ATM Case Study Implementation CXXIV 26.4.1 Class ATM CXXIV 26.4.2 Class Screen CXXXII 26.4.3 Class Keypad CXXXIII 26.4.4 Class CashDispenser CXXXIV 26.4.5 Class DepositSlot CXXXVI 26.4.6 Class Account CXXXVII 26.4.7 Class BankDatabase CXXXIX 26.4.8 Class Transaction CXLIII 26.4.9 Class BalanceInquiry CXLV 26.4.10 Class Withdrawal CXLVII 26.4.11 Class Deposit CLII 26.4.12 Test Program ATMCaseStudy.cpp CLV 26.5 Wrap-Up CLV 27 Game Programming with Ogre CLVIII 27.1 Introduction CLIX 27.2 Installing Ogre, OgreAL and OpenAL CLIX 27.3 Basics of Game Programming CLIX 27.4 The Game of Pong: Code Walkthrough CLXII 27.4.1 Ogre Initialization CLXIII 27.4.2 Creating a Scene CLXXII 27.4.3 Adding to the Scene CLXXIII 27.4.4 Animation and Timers CLXXXV 27.4.5 User Input CLXXXVI 27.4.6 Collision Detection CLXXXVIII 27.4.7 Sound CXCII 27.4.8 Resources CXCIII 27.4.9 Pong Driver CXCIV 27.5 Wrap-Up CXCV 27.6 Ogre Web Resources CXCV A Operator Precedence and Associativity 1006 B ASCII Character Set 1008 C Fundamental Types 1009 D Number Systems 1011 D.1 Introduction 1012 D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1015 D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1016 D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1016 D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1017 D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two's Complement Notation 1019 E Preprocessor 1024 E.1 Introduction 1025 E.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 1025 E.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 1026 E.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 1026 E.5 Conditional Compilation 1028 E.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 1029 E.7 Operators # and ## 1030 E.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants 1030 E.9 Assertions 1031 E.10 Wrap-Up 1031 Appendices on the Web 1036 Appendices F--I are PDF documents posted online at the book's Companion Website (located atwww.pearsonhighered.com/deitel). F C Legacy Code Topics CCV F.1 Introduction CCVI F.2 Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X and Windows Systems CCVI F.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists CCVII F.4 Using Command-Line Arguments CCIX F.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs CCXI F.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit CCXIII F.7 Type Qualifier volatile CCXIV F.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants CCXIV F.9 Signal Handling CCXV F.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc CCXVII F.11 Unconditional Branch: goto CCXVIII F.12 Unions CCXIX F.13 Linkage Specifications CCXXII F.14 Wrap-Up CCXXIII G UML 2: Additional Diagram Types CCXXIX G.1 Introduction CCXXIX G.2 Additional Diagram Types CCXXIX H Using the Visual Studio Debugger CCXXXI H.1 Introduction CCXXXII H.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command CCXXXII H.3 Locals and Watch Windows CCXXXVIII H.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands CCXLI H.5 Autos Window CCXLIII H.6 Wrap-Up CCXLIV I Using the GNU C++ Debugger CCXLVII I.1 Introduction CCXLVIII I.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands CCXLVIII I.3 print and set Commands CCLIV I.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next Commands CCLVI I.5 watch Command CCLIX I.6 Wrap-Up CCLXI Index 1037

organizations and the military.