C++ without Fear

Chapter 8: Files: Electronic Storage 197 Introducing File-Stream Objects 197 How to Refer to Disk Files 199 Text Files vs. "Binary" Files 206 Introducing Binary Operations 208 Chapter 8 Summary 217 Chapter 9: Some Advanced Programming Techniques 221 Command-Line Arguments 221 Function Overloading 227 The do-while Loop 230 The switch-case Statement 232 Multiple Modules 234 Exception Handling: I Take Exception to That! 237 Chapter 9 Summary 240 Chapter 10: New Features of C++0x 243 Overview of C++0x Features 243 The long long Type (not long long long) 244 Range-Based "for" (For Each) 256 The auto and decltype Keywords 261 The nullptr Keyword 262 Strongly Typed Enumerations 263 Raw String Literals 273 Chapter 10 Summary 273 Chapter 11: Introducing Classes: The Fraction Class 277 Object Orientation: Quasi-Intelligent Data Types 277 Point: A Simple Class 279 Private: Members Only (Protecting the Data) 281 Introducing the Fraction Class 286 Inline Functions 289 Find the Greatest Common Factor 291 Find the Lowest Common Denominator 292 Chapter 11 Summary 305 Chapter 12: Constructors: If You Build It! 307 Introducing Constructors 307 Multiple Constructors (Overloading) 309 C++0x Only: Initializing Members within a Class 309 The Default Constructor--and a Warning 310 C++0x Only: Delegating Constructors 313 C++0x Only: Consistent Initialization 314 Reference Variables and Arguments (&) 321 The Copy Constructor 323 A Constructor from String to Fract 329 Chapter 12 Summary 331 Chapter 13: Operator Functions: Doing It with Class 333 Introducing Class Operator Functions 333 Operator Functions as Global Functions 336 Improve Efficiency with References 338 Working with Other Types 348 The Class Assignment Function (=) 349 The Test-for-Equality Function (==) 350 A Class "Print" Function 351 C++0x Only: User-Defined Literals 357 Chapter 13 Summary 360 Chapter 14: Dynamic Memory and the String Class 363 Dynamic Memory: The "new" Keyword 363 Objects and "new" 365 Allocating Multiple Data 366 Introducing Class Destructors 370 "Deep" Copying and the Copy Constructor 376 The "this" Keyword 378 Revisiting the Assignment Operator 379 Writing a Concatenation Function 380 Chapter 14 Summary 387 Chapter 15: Two Complete OOP Examples 389 Introducing Linked Lists 389 Tower of Hanoi, Animated 402 Chapter 15 Summary 411 Chapter 16: Easy Programming with STL 413 Introducing the List Template 413 Designing an RPN Calculator 422 Correct Interpretation of Angle Brackets 432 Chapter 16 Summary 432 Chapter 17: Inheritance: What a Legacy 435 How to Subclass 435 Problems with the FloatFraction Class 440 C++ Only: Inheriting Base-Class Constructors 441 Protected Members 445 Object Containment 447 Safe Inheritance Through Class Hierarchies 448 Chapter 17 Summary 451 Chapter 18: Polymorphism: Object Independence 453 A Different Approach to the FloatFraction Class 453 Virtual Functions to the Rescue! 454 C++ Only: Requiring Explicit Overrides 460 "Pure Virtual" and Other Abstract Matters 461 Abstract Classes and Interfaces 462 Object Orientation and I/O 464 A Final Word (or Two) 470 A Final, Final Word 472 Chapter 18 Summary 472 Appendix A: Operators 475 The Scope (::) Operator 478 The sizeof Operator 478 Old and New Style Type Casts 479 Integer vs. Floating-Point Division 480 Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^, ~, ", and ") 480 Conditional Operator 481 Assignment Operators 482 Join (,) Operator 482 Appendix B: Data Types 483 Precision of Data Types 484 Data Types of Numeric Literals 485 String Literals and Escape Sequences 486 Two's Complement Format for Signed Integers 487 Appendix C: Syntax Summary 491 Basic Expression Syntax 491 Basic Statement Syntax 492 Control Structures and Branch Statements 493 Variable Declarations 498 Function Declarations 500 Class Declarations 502 Enum Declarations 503 Appendix D: Preprocessor Directives 505 The #define Directive 505 The ## Operator (Concatenation) 507 The defined Function 507 The #elif Directive 507 The #endif Directive 508 The #error Directive 508 The #if Directive 508 The #ifdef Directive 509 The #ifndef Directive 510 The #include Directive 510 The #line Directive 511 The #undef Directive 511 Predefined Constants 511 Appendix E: ASCII Codes 513 Appendix F: Standard Library Functions 517 String (C-String) Functions 517 Data-Conversion Functions 517 Single-Character Functions 517 Math Functions 520 Randomization Functions 521 Time Functions 521 Formats for the strftime Function 523 Appendix G: I/O Stream Objects and Classes 525 Console Stream Objects 525 I/O Stream Manipulators 526 Input Stream Functions 528 Output Stream Functions 528 File I/O Functions 529 Appendix H: STL Classes and Objects 531 The STL String Class 531 The <list> Template 533 The <stack> Template 535 Appendix I: Glossary of Terms 537 Index 553