Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching Icnd2 200-101 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

EtherChannels 58 Review Activities 60 Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching 64 Foundation Topics 65 Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies 65 Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation 65 Data Plane Analysis 66 Control Plane Analysis 67 Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process 68 Problem Isolation 68 Root Cause Analysis 69 Real World Versus the Exams 70 Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane 70 An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process 71 Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP 72 Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems 73 Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 74 The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts 75 Determining Switch Interface Speed and Duplex 76 Issues Related to Speed and Duplex 77 Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems 79 Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems 82 Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs 83 Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Not Being Active 83 Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks 84 Troubleshooting Examples and Exercises 86 Troubleshooting Example 1: Find Existing LAN Data Plane Problems 86 Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP 87 Step 2: Check for Interface Problems 88 Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems 90 Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems 91 Troubleshooting Example 2: Predicting LAN Data Plane Behavior 94 PC1 ARP Request (Broadcast) 95 R1 ARP Reply (Unicast) 98 Review Activities 102 Part I Review 104 Part II: IP Version 4 Routing 109 Chapter 4 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part I 110 Foundation Topics 111 Predicting Normal IPv4 Routing Behavior 111 Host IPv4 Routing Logic 111 Routing Logic Used by IPv4 Routers 112 IP Routing Logic on a Single Router 112 IP Routing from Host to Host 113 Building New Data Link Headers Using ARP Information 114 Problem Isolation Using the ping Command 115 Ping Command Basics 115 Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command 116 Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem 117 Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route 119 Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 121 Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping 122 Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 122 Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses 123 Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command 124 traceroute Basics 124 How the traceroute Command Works 125 Standard and Extended traceroute 126 Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers 127 Review Activities 130 Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part II 132 Foundation Topics 133 Problems Between the Host and the Default Router 133 Root Causes Based on a Host's IPv4 Settings 133 Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match 133 Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach Subnet 134 Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems 136 Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting 137 Root Causes Based on the Default Router's Configuration 137 Mismatched VLAN Trunking Configuration with Router on a Stick 138 DHCP Relay Issues 140 Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues 141 Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers 143 IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route 143 Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route 144 Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route 145 show ip route Reference 145 Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans 146 Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not 147 Overlaps When Not Using VLSM 147 Overlaps When Using VLSM 148 Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets 149 Router WAN Interface Status 150 Filtering Packets with Access Lists 151 Review Activities 153 Chapter 6 Creating Redundant First-Hop Routers 156 Foundation Topics 157 FHRP Concepts 157 The Need for Redundancy in Networks 157 The Need for a First Hop Redundancy Protocol 159 The Three Solutions for First-Hop Redundancy 160 HSRP Concepts 160 HSRP Failover 161 HSRP Load Balancing 162 GLBP Concepts 163 FHRP Configuration and Verification 164 Configuring and Verifying HSRP 164 Configuring and Verifying GLBP 167 Review Activities 170 Chapter 7 Virtual Private Networks 176 Foundation Topics 177 VPN Fundamentals 177 IPsec VPNs 179 SSL VPNs 181 GRE Tunnels 181 GRE Tunnel Concepts 182 Routing over GRE Tunnels 182 GRE Tunnels over the Unsecured Network 183 Configuring GRE Tunnels 185 Verifying a GRE Tunnel 187 Review Activities 190 Part II Review 194 Part III: IP Version 4 Routing Protocols 199 Chapter 8 Implementing OSPF for IPv4 200 Foundation Topics 201 OSPF Protocols and Operation 201 OSPF Overview 201 Becoming Neighbors and Exchanging the LSDB 202 Agreeing to Become Neighbors 202 Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors 203 Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB 204 Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links 205 Scaling OSPF Using Areas 206 OSPF Areas 207 How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time 208 OSPF Area Design Advantages 209 Link-State Advertisements 209 Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology 210 Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology 211 LSAs in a Multi-Area Design 212 Calculating the Best Routes with SPF 214 Administrative Distance 215 OSPF Configuration and Verification 216 OSPFv2 Configuration Overview 216 Multi-Area OSPFv2 Configuration Example 217 Single-Area Configurations 218 Multi-Area Configuration 219 Verifying the Multi-Area Configuration 220 Verifying the Correct Areas on Each Interface on an ABR 221 Verifying Which Router Is DR and BDR 221 Verifying the Number and Type of LSAs 222 Verifying OSPF Routes 223 OSPF Metrics (Cost) 223 Setting the Cost Based on Interface Bandwidth 224 The Need for a Higher Reference Bandwidth 225 OSPF Load Balancing 225 Review Activities 226 Chapter 9 Understanding EIGRP Concepts 230 Foundation Topics 231 EIGRP and Distance Vector Routing Protocols 231 Introduction to EIGRP 231 Basic Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features 233 The Concept of a Distance and a Vector 233 Full Update Messages and Split Horizon 234 Route Poisoning 236 EIGRP as an Advanced DV Protocol 237 EIGRP Sends Partial Update Messages, As Needed 237 EIGRP Maintains Neighbor Status Using Hello 237 Summary of Interior Routing Protocol Features 238 EIGRP Concepts and Operation 239 EIGRP Neighbors 239 Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information 240 Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table 241 The EIGRP Metric Calculation 241 An Example of Calculated EIGRP Metrics 242 Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links 243 EIGRP Convergence 244 Feasible Distance and Reported Distance 244 EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors 245 The Query and Reply Process 246 Review Activities 248 Chapter 10 Implementing EIGRP for IPv4 252 Foundation Topics 253 Core EIGRP Configuration and Verification 253 EIGRP Configuration 253 Configuring EIGRP Using a Wildcard Mask 255 Verifying EIGRP Core Features 255 Finding the Interfaces on Which EIGRP Is Enabled 256 Displaying EIGRP Neighbor Status 258 Displaying the IPv4 Routing Table 259 EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors 260 Viewing the EIGRP Topology Table 261 Finding Successor Routes 262 Finding Feasible Successor Routes 263 Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route 265 Examining the Metric Components 266 Other EIGRP Configuration Settings 267 Load Balancing Across Multiple EIGRP Routes 267 Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation 269 Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 270 Automatic Summarization at the Boundary of a Classful Network 270 Discontiguous Classful Networks 271 Review Activities 273 Chapter 11 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols 278 Foundation Topics 279 Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems 279 Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol 280 EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting 281 Examining Working EIGRP Interfaces 282 Examining the Problems with EIGRP Interfaces 284 OSPF Interface Troubleshooting 286 Neighbor Relationships 289 EIGRP Neighbor Verification Checks 290 EIGRP Neighbor Troubleshooting Example 291 OSPF Neighbor Troubleshooting 293 Finding Area Mismatches 294 Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs 295 Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches 296 Other OSPF Issues 297 Mismatched OSPF Network Types 297 Mismatched MTU Settings 299 Review Activities 300 Part III Review 304 Part IV: Wide-Area Networks 309 Chapter 12 Implementing Point-to-Point WANs 310 Foundation Topics 311 Leased Line WANs with HDLC 311 Layer 1 Leased Lines 311 The Physical Components of a Leased Line 312 Leased Lines and the T-Carrier System 314 The Role of the CSU/DSU 315 Building a WAN Link in a Lab 315 Layer 2 Leased Lines with HDLC 316 Configuring HDLC 317 Leased-Line WANs with PPP 320 PPP Concepts 320 PPP Framing 321 PPP Control Protocols 321 PPP Authentication 322 Configuring PPP 323 CHAP Configuration and Verification 324 Troubleshooting Serial Links 325 Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 325 Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 326 Keepalive Failure 327 PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure 328 Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 329 Review Activities 331 Chapter 13 Understanding Frame Relay Concepts 336 Foundation Topics 337 Frame Relay Overview 337 Virtual Circuits 339 LMI and Encapsulation Types 340 Frame Relay Encapsulation and Framing 341 Frame Relay Addressing 342 Frame Relay Local Addressing 342 Frame Forwarding with One DLCI Field 343 Network Layer Addressing with Frame Relay 344 Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs 345 Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC 345 Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach 347 Review Activities 349 Chapter 14 Implementing Frame Relay 352 Foundation Topics 353 Frame Relay Configuration and Verification 353 Planning a Frame Relay Configuration 353 Configuring Using Physical Interfaces and One IP Subnet 354 Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI 356 Frame Relay Address Mapping 357 Inverse ARP 360 Static Frame Relay Mapping 360 Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces 361 Verifying Point-to-Point Frame Relay 364 Configuring with Multipoint Subinterfaces 366 OSPF Issues on Frame Relay Multipoint and Physical Interfaces 368 Frame Relay Troubleshooting 369 A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process 369 Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1) 370 Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2) 371 PVC Problems and Status (Step 3) 372 Find the Connected Subnet and Outgoing Interface (Steps 3a and 3b) 373 Find the PVCs Assigned to That Interface (Step 3c) 374 Determine Which PVC Is Used to Reach a Particular Neighbor (Step 3d) 375 PVC Status 375 Subinterface Status 377 Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4) 377 End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5) 378 Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6) 379 Review Activities 380 Chapter 15 Identifying Other Types of WANs 386 Foundation Topics 387 Private WANs to Connect Enterprises 387 Leased Lines 387 Frame Relay 388 Ethernet WANs 389 MPLS 390 VSAT 391 Public WANs and Internet Access 392 Internet Access (WAN) Links 392 Dial Access with Modems and ISDN 393 Digital Subscriber Line 395 Cable Internet 396 Mobile Phone Access with 3G/4G 397 PPP over Ethernet 398 PPP over Ethernet Concepts 398 PPP over Ethernet Configuration 399 Review Activities 401 Part IV Review 404 Part V: IP Version 6 409 Chapter 16 Troubleshooting IPv6 Routing 410 Foundation Topics 411 Normal IPv6 Operation 411 Unicast IPv6 Addresses and IPv6 Subnetting 411 Assigning Addresses to Hosts 413 Stateful DHCPv6 413 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 414 Router Address and Static Route Configuration 415 Configuring IPv6 Routing and Addresses on Routers 415 IPv6 Static Routes on Routers 416 Verifying IPv6 Connectivity 417 Verifying Connectivity from IPv6 Hosts 417 Verifying IPv6 from Routers 419 Troubleshooting IPv6 421 Pings from the Host Work Only in Some Cases 421 Pings Fail from a Host to Its Default Router 423 Problems Using Any Function That Requires DNS 424 Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: Stateful DHCP Issues 424 Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: SLAAC Issues 425 Traceroute Shows Some Hops, But Fails 427 Routing Looks Good, But Traceroute Still Fails 428 Review Activities 430 Chapter 17 Implementing OSPF for IPv6 434 Foundation Topics 435 OSPFv3 Configuration 435 OSPFv3 ICND1 Configuration Review 435 Example Multi-Area OSPFv3 Configuration 435 Single Area Configuration on the Three Internal Routers 436 Adding Multi-Area Configuration on the Area Border Router 438 Other OSPFv3 Configuration Settings 439 Setting OSPFv3 Interface Cost to Influence Route Selection 439 OSPF Load Balancing 440 Injecting Default Routes 440 OSPF Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting 441 OSPFv3 Interfaces 443 Verifying OSPFv3 Interfaces 443 Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Interfaces 443 OSPFv3 Neighbors 445 Verifying OSPFv3 Neighbors 445 Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Neighbors 446 OSPFv3 LSDB and LSAs 448 Verifying OSPFv3 LSAs 448 Troubleshooting OSPFv3 LSAs 450 OSPFv3 Metrics and IPv6 Routes 451 Verifying OSPFv3 Interface Cost and Metrics 451 Troubleshooting IPv6 Routes Added by OSPFv3 453 Review Activities 455 Chapter 18 Implementing EIGRP for IPv6 460 Foundation Topics 461 EIGRPv6 Configuration 461 EIGRPv6 Configuration Basics 461 EIGRPv6 Configuration Example 462 Other EIGRPv6 Configuration Settings 464 Setting Bandwidth and Delay to Influence EIGRPv6 Route Selection 464 EIGRP Load Balancing 465 EIGRP Timers 466 EIGRPv6 Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting 466 EIGRPv6 Interfaces 467 EIGRPv6 Neighbors 469 EIGRPv6 Topology Database 470 EIGRPv6 IPv6 Routes 472 Review Activities 474 Part V Review 480 Part VI: Network Management 485 Chapter 19 M anaging Network Devices 486 Foundation Topics 487 Simple Network Management Protocol 487 Describing SNMP 487 The Management Information Base 488 Configuring SNMP Version 2c 490 SNMP Version 3 491 System Message Logging (Syslog) 492 An Overview of System Message Logging 492 System Message Format 493 System Message Severity Levels 494 Configuring and Verifying Syslog 494 Using a Syslog Server 495 NetFlow 495 An Overview of NetFlow 496 Network Flows 497 Configuring NetFlow 497 Verifying and Using NetFlow 498 The NetFlow Collector 500 Review Activities 501 Chapter 20 Managing IOS Files 504 Foundation Topics 505 Managing Cisco IOS Files 505 Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 505 The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 507 The Three Router Operating Systems 508 The Configuration Register 509 How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 509 Recovering If the IOS Does Not Load 511 Verifying the IOS Image Using the show version Command 512 Password Recovery 513 The General Ideas Behind Cisco Password Recovery/Reset 514 A Specific Password Reset Example 515 Managing Configuration Files 517 Configuration File Basics 517 Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 519 Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 521 Review Activities 522 Chapter 21 M anaging IOS Licensing 526 Foundation Topics 527 IOS Packaging 527 IOS Images per Model, Series, and per Software Version/Release 527 Original Packaging: One IOS Image per Feature Set Combination 528 New IOS Packaging: One Universal Image with All Feature Sets 528 IOS Software Activation with Universal Images 529 Managing Software Activation with Cisco License Manager 530 Manually Activating Software Using Licenses 531 Example of Manually Activating a License 533 Showing the Current License Status 533 Adding a Permanent Technology Package License 535 Right-to-Use Licenses 536 Review Activities 539 Part VI Review 542 Part VII: Final Review 545 Chapter 22 Final Review 546 Advice About the Exam Event 546 Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial 546 Think About Your Time Budget Versus Numbers of Questions 547 A Suggested Time-Check Method 548 Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions 548 Exam-Day Advice 548 Exam Review 549 Practice Subnetting and Other Math-Related Skills 549 Take Practice Exams 551 Practicing Taking the ICND2 Exam 551 Practicing Taking the CCNA Exam 552 Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions 553 Find Knowledge Gaps Through Question Review 554 Practice Hands-On CLI Skills 556 Review Mind Maps from Part Review 557 Do Labs 557 Other Study Tasks 558 Final Thoughts 558 Part VIII: Appendixes 561 Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables 563 Appendix B ICND2 Exam Updates 571 Glossary 572 DVD-Only Appendixes: Appendix C Answers to the Review Questions Appendix D Memory Tables Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key Appendix F Mind Map Solutions Appendix G Study Planner 9781587144882 TOC 5/29/2013