Wahn, V: Clinical Use of Immunoglobulins

Principles 704.3. Specific Immunoglobulin Preparations 704.4. Instructions for Use, Side Effects, Contraindications, Interactions 704.5. Indications for Passive Immunoprophylaxis 724.5.1. Hepatitis A 724.5.1.1. Principles 724.5.1.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 724.5.2. Hepatitis B 734.5.2.1. Principles 734.5.2.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 734.5.3. Measles 744.5.3.1. Principles 744.5.3.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 744.5.4. Rubella 744.5.4.1. Principles 744.5.4.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 744.5.5. Varicella 754.5.5.1. Principles 754.5.5.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 754.5.6. Cytomegalovirus Infection 764.5.6.1. Principles 764.5.6.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 764.6. Monoclonal Antibodies 764.6.1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Principles 764.6.2. Passive Immunoprophylaxis 764.7. Bacterial Toxins 774.7.1. Botulism 774.7.2. Immunoprophylaxis 774.7.3. Rabies 774.7.4. Diphtheria Toxin 784.7.5. Tetanus 784.8. References 785. Sepsis in Neonates: Prevention and Adjuvant Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulin 805.1. Immunoglobulin as Prophylaxis in Neonatal Infections 815.2. Immunoglobulin as Adjuvant Therapy for Neonatal Infections 845.3. Additional Considerations 855.4. Recent Developments 865.5. Summary 885.6. References 896. Application of Immunoglobulins in Other Infections 926.1. Exacerbation in Cystic Fibrosis 926.2. Infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus 936.3. Infection with Rotaviruses 946.4. Bacterial Meningitis 946.5. Bacterial Sepsis 956.6. Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome 956.7. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome 956.8. Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Colitis 966.9. Infant Botulism 976.10. References 977. Use of Immunoglobulins in Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiencies 997.1. Definitions 997.1.1. Primary Immunodeficiencies with B Cell Defects 997.1.2. Secondary Immunodeficiencies with B-Cell Defects 1027.2. Frequency of Immunodeficiencies 1027.3. Etiology/Pathogenesis of Immunodeficiencies 1027.4. Clinical Findings in Humoral Immunodeficiencies 1027.5. Replacement Therapy with Immunoglobulins 1037.5.1. Immunoglobulin Therapy for Primary Immunodeficiencies 1047.5.1.1. Indications of IgG replacement in immunodeficiencies 1047.5.1.2. Monitoring of Immunoglobulin Therapy 1057.5.1.3. Infections Despite Immunoglobulin Replacement 1057.5.1.3.1. Acute Respiratory Infections 1057.5.1.3.2. Chronic Respiratory Infections 1067.5.2. Immunoglobulin Therapy for Secondary Immunodeficiencies 1067.5.2.1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 1067.6. Summary and Conclusions 1067.7. References 1078. IVIG Treatment of Secondary Immune Deficiencies in Adults 1098.1. Immunity and Infection in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma 1098.2. Therapy with IVIG in Chronic Lymphocytic Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma 1108.3. Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation 1128.4. References 1129. Immunomodulation with Immunoglobulins: Mechanisms 1149.1. Release of Platelets from the Reticuloendothelial System (ITP) 1159.2. Effects on Platelet-Associated IgG (ITP) 1159.3. Accelerated Elimination of Circulating and Tissue-Bound Immune Complexes 1159.4. Interaction with Fc Receptors (FcR) 1159.5. Inhibition of Cell Adhesion by Natural RGD Antibodies 1189.6. Effects on the Complement System 1189.7. Disturbance of (Auto-)Antigen Presentation and Recognition 1189.8. Interference with the Idiotype-Anti-Idiotype Network (anti-id-Ab) 1209.9. Effects on Cytokines 1209.9.1. Neutralization of Inflammatory Cytokines 1209.9.2. Induction of Regulatory Cytokines and Receptor Antagonists 1219.9.3. Inhibition of Cellular Responses to Interferon-g by Suppression of Expression of the IFNGR2 Receptor 1219.9.4. Increased Steroid Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects 1229.10. Neutralization of Superantigens 1229.11. Effects on Apoptosis 1229.12. Effects on T cells 1239.13. Summary 1239.14. References 12310. Use of Immunoglobulins in Hematological Cytopenias 12710.1. Thrombocytopenia 12710.1.1. Acute Immune Thrombocytopenia 12710.1.2. Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (AIT) 12910.1.3. Maternal Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia During Pregnancy 13010.1.4. Posttransfusion Purpura (PTP) 13110.1.5. Platelet Transfusions in Marked Alloimmunization 13110.1.6. Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia 13110.1.7. Thrombocytopenia in the Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome 13110.1.8. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Moschcowitz Syndrome) 13110.1.9. HIV-Associated Thrombocytopenia 13210.1.10. Chronic ITP 13210.1.11. SLE-Associated Thrombocytopenia 13410.1.12. Thrombocytopenia in Primary Antibody Deficiency Syndrome 13410.2. Immune Hemolytic Anemia 13510.2.1. Rhesus-Induced Alloimmune Hemolysis 13510.2.2. ABO Isoimmune Hemolysis 13510.2.3. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Evans Syndrome 13510.3. Bone Marrow Aplasia 13610.3.1. Erythroid Aplasia, Autoimmune Erythroblastopenia, Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) 13610.4. Infection-Associated Hemophagocytosis Syndrome 13610.5. Immune Neutropenia: Allo- and Autoimmune Neutropenia 13710.6. Summary 13810.7. References 13811. Further Applications of Immunoglobulin Therapy in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 14411.1. Polyvalent Immunoglobulin Therapy in Pediatric Oncology Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy 14411.2. Application of Polyvalent Immunoglobulins in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 14511.3. Application of Polyvalent Immunoglobulins in Hemophilia A/B with Inhibitor 14711.4. References 14712. Use of Immunoglobulins in Rheumatologic Disorders and Systemic Autoimmunopathies 15012.1. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 15112.2. Rheumatoid Arthritis 15412.2.1. Felty Syndrome and Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) 15412.2.2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 15512.3. Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) 15712.4. Scleroderma, Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder 15812.5. Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis 15912.6. Uveitis 16012.7. Summary and Concluding Remarks 16012.8. References 16113. Use of Immunoglobulins for Kawasaki Disease and other Vasculitic Diseases 16513.1. Kawasaki Disease (KD) 16513.1.1. Epidemiology and Pathogenesis 16513.1.2. Clinical Manifestations 16613.1.3. Efficacy of HDIVIG in the Initial Treatment 16713.1.4. Time Point of Primary HDIVIG Application 16813.1.5. Influence of IVIG Preparation on Treatment Efficacy 16813.1.6. Role of Corticosteroids in the Initial Treatment 16813.1.7. Second HDIVIG in Patients Non-Responsive to Initial Treatment 16913.1.8. Steroid Treatment in IVIG-Resistant Patients 16913.1.9. Alternative Treatment Approaches in IVIG-Resistant Patients 17013.2. Polyarteritis Nodosa 17013.3. ANCA-positive Vasculitis [Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA, Wegener's), Microscopic Polyangiitis) 17013.4. Churg-Strauss Syndrome 17113.5. IgA Nephropathy, Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura 17213.6. Livedo Vasculitis 17213.7. Vasculitic Complications in Collagen Diseases 17213.8. Summary 17213.9. References 17314. The Use of Immunoglobulins for Neurological Diseases in Children and Adults 17714.1. Multiple Sclerosis 17714.2. Epilepsy 17914.3. Non-Epileptic Encephalopathies in Children and Adolescents 18314.4. Other CNS Diseases 18414.5. Paraneoplastic Syndromes 18514.6. Inflammatory Polyneuropathies 18614.7. Myasthenia Gravis 19314.8. Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis, Inclusion Body Myositis 19614.9. References 19815. Use of Intravenous Gammaglobulin (IVIG) in Kidney Transplantation 20815.1. Desensitization for ABO Incompatible Transplantation 20815.2. Immunomodulation with IVIG: Desensitization of Highly-HLA Sensitized Patients 20915.2.1. Clinical Use of IVIG in Kidney Transplantation 20915.2.2. The NIH IGO2 Study 20915.2.3. Low-dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Plasmapheresis 21015.2.4. IVIG + Rituximab for Desensitization 21115.2.5. Complications and Cost of IVIG Therapy 21115.2.6. IVIG and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 21215.2.7. IVIG and Acute Renal Failure (ARF) 21215.2.8. IVIG and Hemolytic Anemia 21215.2.9. Economic Analysis of IVIG + Rituximab Desensitization Therapy 21315.3. Adjunctive Therapy 21415.3.1. Splenectomy and Anti-CD20 21415.3.2. Kidney Paired Donation 21415.4. Mechanism of Action of IVIG 21515.5. Conclusion 21615.6. References 21616. The Use of Immunoglobulins for Dermatologic Disease 21916.1. Pemphigus 21916.2. Bullous Pemphigoid 22216.3. Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid 22316.4. Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita 22416.5. Linear Iga Bullous Disease 22416.6. Pemphigoid Gestationis 22516.7. Pyoderma Gangrenosum 22616.8. Chronic Urticaria 22616.9. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 22716.10. References 22817. Use of Immunoglobulins in Allergic Diseases 23117.1. Bronchial Asthma 23117.2. Atopic Dermatitis 23217.3. Chronic Urticaria 23317.4. Possible Mechanism of Action in Allergic Diseases 23317.5. References 23418. Intravenous Immunoglobulin in the Prevention of Recurrent Miscarriage 23718.1. Studies of IVIG Treatment of RM 23718.2. Patient Subsets and Treatment Protocols may Determine Outcome of IVIG Studies 23818.2.1. Patient Subsets 23818.2.2. Treatment Protocols 23918.3. Negative Aspects of IVIG Use in RM 23918.4. Conclusions 24018.5. References 24119. Further Indications for Intravenous Immunoglobulins 24319.1. Graves-Basedow Disease (GBD) / Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism 24319.2. Bullous Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris 24319.3. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN, Lyell's Syndrome) and Stevens-Johnson's Syndrome 24419.4. Toxic Shock Syndrome / Necrotising Fasciitis 24619.5. Myocarditis and Congestive Chronic Heart Failure 24619.6. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 24719.7. References 247Index 250