Dense Gases for Extraction and Refining

I. General Picture of Separation Procedures.- I.1 Principles of Substance Separation.- I.2 Conventional Methods of Extraction.- References.- II. Basic Principles of Extraction with Dense Gases.- II.1 Historical Review.- II.2 Definition of Terms.- II.3 Special Features of Dense Gases.- II.4 Thermodynamic Fundamentals.- II.4.a Description of the Solvent Circulation.- II.4.b Considerations of Phase Equilibria.- II.4.c Calculations of Phase Equilibria.- References.- III. Methods, Apparatus and Plants.- III.1 Procedures for Determining Phase Equilibria.- III.1.a The Synthetic Method.- III.1.b The Analytical Method.- III.1.c The Dynamic Method.- III.2 Extraction of Solids.- III.2.a Microextraction.- III.2.b High Pressure Soxhlet Extraction.- III.2.c Preparative Extraction.- III.3 Extraction Using Entrainers.- III.4 Continuous Extraction of Liquids.- III.4.a Fundamentals.- III.4.b Stepwise Separation.- III.4.c Counter-current Extraction.- III.4.d High Pressure Jet Extraction.- References.- IV. Applications of Dense Gases to Extraction and Refining.- IV.1 General Survey.- IV.2 Fatty Oils and Waxes.- IV.2.a Solubility Behaviour.- IV.2.b Extraction of Oil Seeds.- IV.2.c Extraction of Waxes.- IV.2.d Influence on the Seed Proteins.- IV.2.e Fractionation of Fatty Oils and Waxes.- IV.2.f Removal of Oil from Crude Lecithin.- IV.3 Essential Oils and Flavours.- IV.3.a Solubility Behaviour.- IV.3.b Deterpenation.- IV.3.c Extraction of Pharmaceutically Active Components.- IV.3.d Extraction of Spices.- IV.3.e Extraction of Fragrances.- IV.3.f Prior Separation of Vegetable Waxes.- IV.4 Further Isoprenoids.- IV.4.a Extraction of Hops.- IV.4.b Steroids.- IV.4.c Carotinoids.- IV.5 Alkaloids.- IV.5.a Extraction of Alkaloids Used in Medicine.- IV.5.b Decaffeination of Coffee and Tea.- IV.5.c Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco.- IV.6 Oils of Law Volatility and Polymers.- IV.7 Extraction of Petroleum Products.- IV.7.a Deasphaltation of Heavy Oils.- IV.7.b Particle Separation from Viscous