Electric Power Systems with Renewables

Method 104 5.8 Fast Decoupled Newton-Raphson Method for Power Flow 109 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis 110 5.10 Reaching the Bus VAR Limit 110 5.11 Synchronized Phasor Measurements, Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS), and Wide-Area Measurement Systems 111 5.12 dc Power Flow 111 References 112 Problems 112 Appendix 5A Gauss-Seidel Procedure for Power-Flow Calculations 113 Appendix 5B Remote Bus Voltage Control by Generators 114 Chapter 6 Transformers in Power Systems 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Basic Principles of Transformer Operation 119 6.3 Simplified Transformer Model 125 6.4 Per-Unit Representation 127 6.5 Transformer Efficiencies and Leakage Reactances 131 6.6 Regulation in Transformers 131 6.7 Autotransformers 132 6.8 Phase Shift Introduced by Transformers 134 6.9 Three-Winding Transformers 135 6.10 Three-Phase Transformers 136 6.11 Representing Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios, Taps, and Phase Shifts 137 6.12 Transformer Model in PSS(r)E 140 References 141 Problems 141 Chapter 7 Grid Integration of Inverter-based Resources (ibrs) and Hvdc Systems 145 7.1 Climate Crisis 146 7.2 Interface Between Renewables/Batteries and The Utility Grid 146 7.3 High-Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission Systems 152 7.4 IEEE P2800 Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Inverter-Based Resources Interconnecting with Associated Transmission Electric Power Systems 156 References 157 Problems 157 Appendix 7A Operation of Voltage Source Converters (vscs) [7a1] 157 Appendix 7B Operation of Thyristor-Based Line- Commutated Converters (LCCS) 161 Chapter 8 Distribution System, Loads, and Power Quality 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Distribution Systems 173 8.3 Power System Loads 174 8.4 Power Quality Considerations 180 8.5 Load Management 191 References 192 Problems 192 Chapter 9 Synchronous Generators 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Structure 196 9.3 Induced EMF in the Stator Windings 200 9.4 Power Output, Stability, and The Loss of Synchronism 204 9.5 Field Excitation Control to Adjust Reactive Power 206 9.6 Field Exciters for Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) 208 9.7 Synchronous, Transient, and Subtransient Reactances 208 9.8 Generator Modeling in PSS(r)E 211 References 213 Problems 213 Chapter 10 Voltage Regulation and Stability in Power Systems 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Radial System as an Example 215 10.3 Voltage Collapse 218 10.4 Preventing Voltage Instability 220 References 227 Problems 228 Chapter 11 Transient and Dynamic Stability Of Power Systems 229 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Principle of Transient Stability 229 11.3 Transient Stability Evaluation in Large Systems 238 11.4 Dynamic Stability 239 References 240 Problems 241 Appendix 11A Inertia, Torque, and Acceleration in Rotating Systems 241 Chapter 12 Control of Interconnected Power Systems and Economic Dispatch 245 12.1 Control Objectives 245 12.2 Voltage Control by Controlling Excitation and Reactive Power 246 12.3 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 247 12.4 Economic Dispatch and Optimum Power Flow 257 References 262 Problems 262 Chapter 13 Transmission Line Faults, Relaying, And Circuit Breakers 265 13.1 Causes of Transmission Line Faults 265 13.2 Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis 266 13.3 Types of Faults 269 13.4 System Impedances for Fault Calculations 273 13.5 Calculating Fault Currents in Large Networks 276 13.6 Protection Against Short-Circuit Faults 277 References 286 Problems 287 Chapter 14 Transient Overvoltages, Surge Protection, and Insulation Coordination 289 14.1 Introduction 289 14.2 Causes of Overvoltages 289 14.3 Transmission-Line Characteristics and Representation 292 14.4 Insulation to Withstand Overvoltages 294 14.5 Surge Arresters and Insulation Coordination 296 References 296 Problems 297 Index 299