Fundamentals of Nanoelectronics

Well, 104 4.5.2 Parabolic Well -- Harmonic Oscillator, 111 4.5.3 Triangular Well, 112 4.6 Electrons Confined to Atoms -- The Hydrogen Atom and the Periodic Table 4.6 1134.6.1 The Hydrogen Atom and Quantum Numbers, 114 4.6.2 Beyond Hydrogen -- Multiple Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table , 118 4.7 Quantum Dots, Wires, and Wells 1204.7.1 Quantum Wells, 124 4.7.2 Quantum Wires, 126 4.7.3 Quantum Dots, 128 4.8 Main Points 130 4.9 Problems 130 5 ELECTRONS SUBJECT TO A PERIODIC POTENTIAL -- BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS 134 5.1 Crystalline Materials 135 5.2 Electrons in a Periodic Potential 139 5.3 Kronig--Penney Model of Band Structure 1405.3.1 Effective Mass, 144 5.4 Band Theory of Solids 1535.4.1 Doping in Semiconductors, 157 5.4.2 Interacting Systems Model, 160 5.4.3 The Effect of an Electric Field on Energy Bands, 163 5.4.4 Bandstructures of Some Semiconductors, 163 5.4.5 Electronic Band Transitions -- Interaction of Electromagnetic Energy and Materials, 165 5.5 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes 1735.5.1 Graphene, 173 5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes, 175 5.6 Main Points 180 5.7 Problems 180 PART II SINGLE-ELECTRON AND FEW-ELECTRON PHENOMENA AND DEVICES 185 6 TUNNEL JUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF TUNNELING 187 6.1 Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier 188 6.2 Potential Energy Profiles for Material Interfaces 1946.2.1 Metal--Insulator, Metal-Semiconductor, and Metal--Insulator--Metal Junctions, 194 6.3 Applications of Tunneling 1996.3.1 Field Emission, 199 6.3.2 Gate--Oxide Tunneling and Hot Electron Effects in MOSFETs, 202 6.3.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscope, 206 6.3.4 Double Barrier Tunneling and the Resonant Tunneling Diode, 210 6.4 Main Points 214 6.5 Problems 214 7 COULOMB BLOCKADE AND THE SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR 216 7.1 Coulomb Blockade 2167.1.1 Coulomb Blockade in a Nanocapacitor, 218 7.1.2 Tunnel Junctions, 223 7.1.3 Tunnel Junction Excited by a Current Source, 226 7.1.4 Coulomb Blockade in a Quantum Dot Circuit, 230 7.2 The Single-Electron Transistor 2407.2.1 Single-Electron Transistor Logic, 248 7.3 Other SET and FET Structures 2507.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Transistors (FETs and SETs), 250 7.3.2 Semiconductor Nanowire FETs and SETs, 255 7.3.3 Molecular SETs and Molecular Electronics, 257 7.4 Main Points 261 7.5 Problems 262 PART III MANY ELECTRON PHENOMENA 265 8 PARTICLE STATISTICS AND DENSITY OF STATES 267 8.1 Density of States 2688.1.1 Density of States in Lower Dimensions, 270 8.1.2 Density of States in a Semiconductor, 273 8.2 Classical and Quantum Statistics 273 8.2.1 Carrier Concentration in Materials, 276 8.2.2 The Importance of the Fermi Electrons, 280 8.2.3 Equilibrium Carrier Concentration and the Fermi Level in Semiconductors, 280 8.3 Main Points 283 8.4 Problems 283 9 MODELS OF SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM WELLS, QUANTUM WIRES, AND QUANTUM DOTS 286 9.1 Semiconductor Heterostructures and Quantum Wells 2889.1.1 Confinement Models and Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 292 9.1.2 Energy Band Transitions in Quantum Wells, 295 9.2 Quantum Wires and Nanowires 301 9.3 Quantum Dots and Nanoparticles 3059.3.1 Applications of Semiconducting Quantum Dots, 306 9.3.2 Plasmon Resonance and Metallic Nanoparticles, 312 9.3.3 Functionalized Metallic Nanoparticles, 313 9.4 Fabrication Techniques for Nanostructures 3159.4.1 Lithography, 315 9.4.2 Nanoimprint Lithography, 317 9.4.3 Split-Gate Technology, 318 9.4.4 Self-Assembly, 318 9.5 Main Points 322 9.6 Problems 322 10 NANOWIRES, BALLISTIC TRANSPORT, AND SPIN TRANSPORT 326 10.1 Classical and Semiclassical Transport 32710.1.1 Classical Theory of Conduction--Free Electron Gas Model, 327 10.1.2 Semiclassical Theory of Electrical Conduction -- Fermi Gas Model , 330 10.1.3 Classical Resistance and Conductance, 333 10.1.4 Conductivity of Metallic Nanowires -- The Influence of Wire Radius, 335 10.2 Ballistic Transport 33710.2.1 Electron Collisions and Length Scales, 338 10.2.2 Ballistic Transport Model, 340 10.2.3 Quantum Resistance and Conductance, 341 10.2.4 Origin of the Quantum Resistance, 348 10.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanowires 34910.3.1 The Effect of Nanoscale Wire Radius on Wave Velocity and Loss , 353 10.4 Transport of Spin and Spintronics 35610.4.1 The Transport of Spin, 356 10.4.2 Spintronic Devices and Applications, 361 10.5 Main Points 362 10.6 Problems 362 APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS 365 APPENDIX B PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 367 APPENDIX C CONVENTIONAL MOSFETS 372 APPENDIX D ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 376 Problems Chapter 2: Classical Particles, Classical Waves, and Quantum Particles, 376 Problems Chapter 3: Quantum Mechanics of Electrons, 377 Problems Chapter 4: Free and Confined Electrons, 378 Problems Chapter 5: Electrons Subject to a Periodic Potential -- Band Theory of Solids, 379 Problems Chapter 6: Tunnel Junctions and Applications of Tunneling, 380 Problems Chapter 7: Coulomb Blockade and the Single-Electron Transistor, 381 Problems Chapter 8: Particle Statistics and Density of States, 381 Problems Chapter 9: Models of Semiconductor Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots, 382 Problems Chapter 10: Nanowires, Ballistic Transport, and Spin Transport, 383 BIBLIOGRAPHY 383 INDEX 393